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Consider an example where all units are unemployed individuals, and some experience a policy intervention (the treatment group), while others do not (the control group). The causal effect of interest is the impact a job search monitoring policy (the treatment) has on the length of an unemployment spell: On average, how much shorter would one's unemployment be if they experienced the intervention? The ATE, in this case, is the difference in expected values (means) of the treatment and control groups' length of unemployment.

Consider an example where all units are unemployed individuals, and some experience a policy intervention (the treatment group), while others do not (the control group). The causal effect of interest is the impact a job search monitoring policy (the treatment) has on the length of an unemployment spell: On average, how much shorter would one's unemployment be if they experienced the intervention? The ATE, in this case, is the difference in expected values (means) of the treatment and control groups' length of unemployment.

考虑一个例子，所有单元都是失业个体，给一些个体给与政策干预（干预组），其余的不给予干预(治疗组) 。需要计算的因果效应是工作监督政策(治疗)对失业期的影响: 平均来说，如果监督个体寻找工作（给与干预），他的失业期会缩短多少？在这种情况下，ATE 是治疗组和对照组失业时间长度的期望值(平均值)的差异。

考虑一个例子，所有单位都是失业个体，对一些个体给与政策处理（处理组），其余的不做任何处理(控制组) 。需要计算工作监督政策(治疗)对失业期的因果影响: 平均来说，如果监督个体寻找工作（给与处理），该个体的失业期会缩短多少？在这种情况下，平均处理效应是处理组和对照组的失业时间长度的期望值(平均值)差异。