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===社会学与经济学===

===社会学与经济学===

Simon has been credited for revolutionary changes in [[microeconomics]]. He is responsible for the concept of organizational decision-making as it is known today. He also was the first to discuss this concept in terms of [[Knightian uncertainty|uncertainty]]; i.e., it is impossible to have [[Perfect information|perfect and complete information]] at any given time to make a decision. While this notion was not entirely new, Simon is best known for its origination. It was in this area that he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Release: Studies of Decision-Making Lead to Prize in Economics |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1978/press.html|publisher=Nobelprize.org|accessdate=11 May 2014|date=16 October 1978}}</ref>

在考尔斯委员会，西蒙的主要目标是将经济理论与数学和统计学联系起来。他的主要贡献集中在一般均衡和计量经济学领域。他深受1930年代开始的边际主义论战的影响。当时流行的著作认为，从经验上看，企业家在经营组织时需要遵循利润最大化/成本最小化的边缘原则并不明显。争论继续指出，“利润最大化没有完成，部分原因是缺乏完整的信息。”在决策过程中，西蒙认为经营主体面临着未来的不确定性，以及当前获取信息的成本。这些因素限制了经营主体做出完全理性决策的程度，因此他们只拥有“有限理性”，必须通过“满足”，或选择那些可能不是最优的，但却能让他们足够快乐的东西，来进行决策。有限理性是行为经济学的中心主题。它涉及到实际决策过程中影响决策的方式。有限理性理论放宽了标准期望效用理论里的一些假设。

At the [[Cowles Commission]], Simon's main goal was to link economic theory to mathematics and statistics. His main contributions were to the fields of [[general equilibrium]] and [[econometrics]]. He was greatly influenced by the marginalist debate that began in the 1930s. The popular work of the time argued that it was not apparent empirically that entrepreneurs needed to follow the marginalist principles of profit-maximization/cost-minimization in running organizations. The argument went on to note that profit maximization was not accomplished, in part, because of the lack of complete information. In decision-making, Simon believed that agents face uncertainty about the future and costs in acquiring information in the present. These factors limit the extent to which agents may make a fully rational decision, thus they possess only "[[bounded rationality]]" and must make decisions by "[[satisficing]]", or choosing that which might not be optimal, but which will make them happy enough. Bounded rationality is a central theme in behavioral economics. It is concerned with the ways in which the actual decision making process influences decision. Theories of bounded rationality relax one or more assumptions of standard [[Expected utility hypothesis|expected utility theory]].

此外，西蒙强调，心理学家对理性采用“程序性（procedural）”的定义，而经济学家则采用“实质性（substantive）”的定义。古斯塔沃·巴罗斯（Gustavos Barros）认为程序理性的概念在经济学领域并没有重要的地位，也从来没有像有限理性的概念那么有分量<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barros|first1=Gustavo|title=Herbert A. Simon and the Concept of Rationality: Boundaries and Procedures|journal=Brazilian Journal of Political Economy|date=2010|volume=30|issue=3|pages=455–472|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rep/v30n3/a06v30n3.pdf|doi=10.1590/S0101-31572010000300006|s2cid=8481653}}</ref>。然而，在早期的一篇文章中，巴尔加瓦(在1997年)指出了西蒙论点的重要性，并强调在卫生数据的计量经济学分析中，合理性的“程序性”定义有若干应用。比如说，经济学家应该采用反映了相关生物医学知识的“辅助假设”，来指导在卫生领域的计量经济学建模。

Further, Simon emphasized that psychologists invoke a "procedural" definition of rationality, whereas economists employ a "substantive" definition. Gustavos Barros argued that the procedural rationality concept does not have a significant presence in the economics field and has never had nearly as much weight as the concept of bounded rationality.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barros|first1=Gustavo|title=Herbert A. Simon and the Concept of Rationality: Boundaries and Procedures|journal=Brazilian Journal of Political Economy|date=2010|volume=30|issue=3|pages=455–472|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rep/v30n3/a06v30n3.pdf|doi=10.1590/S0101-31572010000300006|s2cid=8481653}}</ref> However, in an earlier article, Bhargava (1997) noted the importance of Simon's arguments and emphasized that there are several applications of the "procedural" definition of rationality in econometric analyses of data on health. In particular, economists should employ "auxiliary assumptions" that reflect the knowledge in the relevant biomedical fields, and guide the specification of econometric models for health outcomes.

西蒙也因其对产业组织的研究而闻名<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Marc H.|last2=Lemken|first2=Russell K.|date=2019|title=An Empirical Assessment of the Influence of March and Simon's Organizations: The Realized Contribution and Unfulfilled Promise of a Masterpiece|journal=Journal of Management Studies|language=en|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1537–1569|doi=10.1111/joms.12527|issn=1467-6486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilden|first1=Ralf|last2=Hohberger|first2=Jan|last3=Devinney|first3=Timothy M.|last4=Lumineau|first4=Fabrice|date=2019|title=60 Years of March and Simon's Organizations: An Empirical Examination of its Impact and Influence on Subsequent Research|journal=Journal of Management Studies|language=en|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1570–1604|doi=10.1111/joms.12531|issn=1467-6486|doi-access=free}}</ref>。他断定，企业的内部组织及其外部商业决策不符合新古典主义的“理性”决策理论。他一生中写了很多关于这个主题的文章，主要集中在他称之为“有限理性”的行为中的决策问题。“理性行为，在经济学中，意味着个人在他们所面临的约束(例如，他们的预算，有限的选择，... ...)下最大化他们的效用函数，以追求他们的自身利益。这反映在主观期望效用理论中（subjective expected utility）”。‘有限理性’这个术语，是用来指代理性选择，考虑到了知识和认知能力的认知局限性。”

西蒙认为研究这些领域的最好方法是计算机模拟。因此，他对计算机科学产生了兴趣。西蒙对计算机科学的主要兴趣在于人工智能、人机交互、把组织当作信息处理系统的比喻、利用计算机研究(通过建模)智能和认识论本质的哲学问题，以及计算机技术的社会意义。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

西蒙认为研究这些区域的最好方法是通过计算机模拟。因此，他对计算机科学产生了兴趣。西蒙对计算机科学的主要兴趣在于人工智能、人机交互、人和机器作为信息处理系统的组织原则、利用计算机研究(通过建模)智能和认识论本质的哲学问题，以及计算机技术的社会意义。[需要引证]

==奖项和荣誉==

==奖项和荣誉==