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自1949年到1958年，曼德布洛特任职于[[法国国家科学研究中心]]。在此期间，他得到了[[约翰·冯·诺伊曼]]John von Neumann的赞助，在新泽西州普林斯顿的高级研究学院度过了一年。1955年，他与阿利耶特·卡甘结婚，并搬到瑞士日内瓦（与国际遗传认识论中心的让·皮亚杰Jean Piaget合作），后来又迁往法国里尔大学<ref name="people">{{Cite web|last=Barcellos|first=Anthony|title=Mathematical People, ''Interview of B. B. Mandelbrot''|publisher=Birkhaüser|year=1984|url=http://users.math.yale.edu/~bbm3/web_pdfs/inHisOwnWords.pdf|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427164851/http://users.math.yale.edu/~bbm3/web_pdfs/inHisOwnWords.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 。到了1958年，这对夫妇搬到了美国，在那里曼德布洛特加入了位于纽约约克敦高地的IBM托马斯·沃森研究中心<ref name="people" />。他在IBM待了35年，并且成为IBM院士，后来成为了[[荣誉退休院士]]。<ref name="wolf" />

自1949年到1958年，曼德布洛特任职于[[法国国家科学研究中心]]。在此期间，他得到了[[约翰·冯·诺伊曼]]John von Neumann的赞助，在新泽西州普林斯顿的高级研究学院度过了一年。1955年，他与阿利耶特·卡甘结婚，并搬到瑞士日内瓦（与国际遗传认识论中心的让·皮亚杰Jean Piaget合作），后来又迁往法国里尔大学<ref name="people">{{Cite web|last=Barcellos|first=Anthony|title=Mathematical People, ''Interview of B. B. Mandelbrot''|publisher=Birkhaüser|year=1984|url=http://users.math.yale.edu/~bbm3/web_pdfs/inHisOwnWords.pdf|access-date=25 June 2013|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427164851/http://users.math.yale.edu/~bbm3/web_pdfs/inHisOwnWords.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 。到了1958年，这对夫妇搬到了美国，在那里曼德布洛特加入了位于纽约约克敦高地的IBM托马斯·沃森研究中心<ref name="people" />。他在IBM待了35年，并且成为IBM院士，后来成为了[[荣誉退休院士]]。<ref name="wolf" />

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mandelbrot-IBM.jpg|thumb|left|Mandelbrot working at IBM]] -->

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mandelbrot-IBM.jpg|thumb|left|Mandelbrot working at IBM]] -->

从1951年起，曼德布洛特开始致力于研究相关问题并发表论文，不仅在数学领域，而且在[[信息论]]，[[经济学]]和[[流体动力学]]等应用领域中也发表许多研究论文。

从1951年起，曼德布洛特开始致力于研究相关问题并发表论文，不仅在数学领域，而且在[[信息论]]，[[经济学]]和[[流体动力学]]等应用领域中也发表许多研究论文。

曼德布洛特将[[金融市场]]视为“野生随机性”的很好案例，其特征是集中性和长相关性。为此他开发了几种可以模拟财务波动的创新方法<ref>{{cite book |author= Rama Cont |chapter= Mandelbrot, Benoit |journal= Encyclopedia of Quantitative Finance |publisher= Wiley |date= 19 April 2010 |doi= 10.1002/9780470061602.eqf01006 |isbn = 9780470057568|author-link= Rama Cont }}</ref> 。在他的早期工作中，他发现金融市场的价格变化并非遵循[[高斯分布]]，而是遵循具有无限方差的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 列维稳定分布Lévy stable distributions </font>'''。他发现，例如棉花价格遵循列维稳定分布，其参数α等于1.7，而不是高斯分布中的2。该“稳定”分布具有以下性质：随机变量的许多实例总和遵循相同的分布，只是比例参数较大。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15420784.700-flight-over-wall-st.html |title=''New Scientist'', 19 April 1997 |publisher=Newscientist.com |date=19 April 1997 |access-date=17 October 2010 |archive-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421101729/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15420784.700-flight-over-wall-st.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

曼德布洛特将[[金融市场]]视为“野生随机性”的很好案例，其特征是集中性和长相关性。为此他开发了几种可以模拟财务波动的创新方法<ref>{{cite book |author= Rama Cont |chapter= Mandelbrot, Benoit |journal= Encyclopedia of Quantitative Finance |publisher= Wiley |date= 19 April 2010 |doi= 10.1002/9780470061602.eqf01006 |isbn = 9780470057568|author-link= Rama Cont }}</ref> 。在他的早期工作中，他发现金融市场的价格变化并非遵循[[高斯分布]]，而是遵循具有无限方差的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 列维稳定分布Lévy stable distributions </font>'''。他发现，例如棉花价格遵循列维稳定分布，其参数α等于1.7，而不是高斯分布中的2。该“稳定”分布具有以下性质：随机变量的许多实例总和遵循相同的分布，只是比例参数较大。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15420784.700-flight-over-wall-st.html |title=''New Scientist'', 19 April 1997 |publisher=Newscientist.com |date=19 April 1997 |access-date=17 October 2010 |archive-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421101729/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15420784.700-flight-over-wall-st.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Developing "fractal geometry" and the Mandelbrot set “分形几何”和曼德布洛特集合的发展 ===

=== Developing "fractal geometry" and the Mandelbrot set “分形几何”和曼德布洛特集合的发展 ===

As a visiting professor at [[Harvard University]], Mandelbrot began to study fractals called [[Julia set]]s that were invariant under certain transformations of the [[complex plane]]. Building on previous work by [[Gaston Julia]] and [[Pierre Fatou]], Mandelbrot used a computer to plot images of the Julia sets. While investigating the topology of these Julia sets, he studied the [[Mandelbrot set]] which was introduced by him in 1979. In 1982, Mandelbrot expanded and updated his ideas in ''[[The Fractal Geometry of Nature]]''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ4qiEBNP4gC&printsec=frontcover ''The Fractal Geometry of Nature''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130231048/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ4qiEBNP4gC&printsec=frontcover |date=30 November 2015 }}, by Benoît Mandelbrot; W H Freeman & Co, 1982; {{isbn|0-7167-1186-9}}</ref> This influential work brought fractals into the mainstream of professional and popular mathematics, as well as silencing critics, who had dismissed fractals as "[[Artifact (observational)|program artifacts]]".

作为[[哈佛大学]]的客座教授，曼德布洛特开始研究名为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 朱莉娅集合Julia sets</font>'''的分形，这些分形在复杂平面的变换下依旧保持不变。在[[加斯顿·朱莉娅]]Gaston Julia和皮埃尔·法图Pierre Fatou先前工作的基础上，曼德尔布洛特使用计算机绘制出了朱莉娅集合的图像。在他研究这些朱莉娅集的拓扑时，他于1979年提出的[[曼德布洛特集]]。1982年，他在《大自然的分形几何学The Fractal Geometry of Nature》<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ4qiEBNP4gC&printsec=frontcover ''The Fractal Geometry of Nature''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130231048/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ4qiEBNP4gC&printsec=frontcover |date=30 November 2015 }}, by Benoît Mandelbrot; W H Freeman & Co, 1982; {{isbn|0-7167-1186-9}}</ref> 一书中扩展并更新了他的思想。但是这项颇具影响力的著作不仅将分形技术引入到专业数学和大众数学中，也同时进入到了那些将分形技术仅视为“程序工件”的批评者眼中。

 

 

 

[[文件:Mandelbrot p1130876.jpg|缩略图|右|曼德布洛特在2006年法国荣誉军团勋章的提名演讲，当时他提到了曼德布洛特集合]]

[[文件:Mandelbrot p1130876.jpg|缩略图|右|曼德布洛特在2006年法国荣誉军团勋章的提名演讲，当时他提到了曼德布洛特集合]]

In 1975, Mandelbrot coined the term ''[[fractal]]'' to describe these structures and first published his ideas, and later translated, ''Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension''.<ref>''Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension'', by Benoît Mandelbrot; W H Freeman and Co, 1977; {{isbn|0-7167-0473-0}}</ref> According to computer scientist and physicist [[Stephen Wolfram]], the book was a "breakthrough" for Mandelbrot, who until then would typically "apply fairly straightforward mathematics ... to areas that had barely seen the light of serious mathematics before".<ref name=Wolfram>Wolfram, Stephen. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324439804578107271772910506 "The Father of Fractals"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825102714/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324439804578107271772910506 |date=25 August 2017 }}, ''Wall Street Journal'', 22 November 2012</ref> Wolfram adds that as a result of this new research, he was no longer a "wandering scientist", and later called him "the father of fractals":

In 1975, Mandelbrot coined the term ''[[fractal]]'' to describe these structures and first published his ideas, and later translated, ''Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension''.<ref>''Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension'', by Benoît Mandelbrot; W H Freeman and Co, 1977; {{isbn|0-7167-0473-0}}</ref> According to computer scientist and physicist [[Stephen Wolfram]], the book was a "breakthrough" for Mandelbrot, who until then would typically "apply fairly straightforward mathematics ... to areas that had barely seen the light of serious mathematics before".<ref name=Wolfram>Wolfram, Stephen. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324439804578107271772910506 "The Father of Fractals"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825102714/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324439804578107271772910506 |date=25 August 2017 }}, ''Wall Street Journal'', 22 November 2012</ref> Wolfram adds that as a result of this new research, he was no longer a "wandering scientist", and later called him "the father of fractals":