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第236行： − + − + − [[Life]] is thought to have emerged in the early [[RNA world hypothesis|RNA world]] when [[RNA]] chains began to express the basic conditions necessary for natural selection to operate as conceived by [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. [[Fitness (biology)|Fitness]] of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) would likely be a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (in the sense that they were determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources.<ref name="Bernstein">{{cite journal | last1 = Bernstein | first1 = H | last2 = Byerly | first2 = HC | last3 = Hopf | first3 = FA | last4 = Michod | first4 = RA | last5 = Vemulapalli | first5 = GK | year = 1983 | title = The Darwinian Dynamic | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 58 | issue = 2| pages = 185–207 | doi=10.1086/413216| jstor = 2828805 }}</ref><ref name="Michod">Michod RE. (2000) Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey {{ISBN|0691050112}}</ref> The three primary adaptive capacities may have been (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type); (2) the capacity to avoid decay; and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources.<ref name=Bernstein /><ref name =Michod /> These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations of the RNA replicators (see “[[Ribozyme]]”) that, in turn, would be encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences. Competitive success among different replicators would have depended on the relative values of these adaptive capacities. − − 生命被认为是在早期的 RNA 世界中出现的。那时 RNA 链展示出了达尔文所构想的自然选择运作的基本条件: 遗传、变异、和对有限资源的竞争。'''RNA 复制器 RNA Replicators'''的固有的适应能力(亦即RNA的平均增长率，在某种意义上说，它们是由核酸序列决定的)和''可用资源''的函数。 − 其中三种主要的适应能力可能是: (1)具有中等保真度的复制能力(同时具有遗传和变异的能力) ; (2)避免衰变的能力; (3)获取和加工资源的能力。这些能力最初是由 RNA 复制器的折叠结构决定的，而这些结构又反过来编码在各自的核酸序列中。不同复制器之间的竞争成败将取决于这些适应能力的相对值。 − − − Regarding [[causality]] in evolution [[Peter Corning]] observes: − − Regarding causality in evolution Peter Corning observes: − + − − Synergistic effects of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular... Natural selection is often portrayed as a “mechanism”, or is personified as a causal agency... In reality, the differential “selection” of a trait, or an adaptation, is a consequence of the functional effects it produces in relation to the survival and reproductive success of a given organism in a given environment. It is these functional effects that are ultimately responsible for the trans-generational continuities and changes in nature.}} − − − − − − − − Per his [[#CorningDefn|definition of emergence]], Corning also addresses emergence and evolution: − − Per his definition of emergence, Corning also addresses emergence and evolution: − + − − [In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key. − − − </blockquote> − − − − − − [[Swarming]] is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from [[marching locusts]] to [[Shoaling and schooling|schooling fish]] to [[Flocking (behaviour)|flocking birds]]. Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals. − − Swarming is a well-known behaviour in many animal species from marching locusts to schooling fish to flocking birds. Emergent structures are a common strategy found in many animal groups: colonies of ants, mounds built by termites, swarms of bees, shoals/schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds/packs of mammals. + − + − − − An example to consider in detail is an [[ant colony]]. The queen does not give direct orders and does not tell the ants what to do. Instead, each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scent from larvae, other ants, intruders, food and buildup of waste, and leaves behind a chemical trail, which, in turn, provides a stimulus to other ants. Here each ant is an autonomous unit that reacts depending only on its local environment and the genetically encoded rules for its variety of ant. Despite the lack of centralized decision making, ant colonies exhibit complex behavior and have even demonstrated the ability to solve geometric problems. For example, colonies routinely find the maximum distance from all colony entrances to dispose of dead bodies.<ref>Steven Johnson. 2001. [[Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software]]</ref> − − An example to consider in detail is an ant colony. The queen does not give direct orders and does not tell the ants what to do. Instead, each ant reacts to stimuli in the form of chemical scent from larvae, other ants, intruders, food and buildup of waste, and leaves behind a chemical trail, which, in turn, provides a stimulus to other ants. Here each ant is an autonomous unit that reacts depending only on its local environment and the genetically encoded rules for its variety of ant. Despite the lack of centralized decision making, ant colonies exhibit complex behavior and have even demonstrated the ability to solve geometric problems. For example, colonies routinely find the maximum distance from all colony entrances to dispose of dead bodies. − − 需要详细考虑的一个例子是蚁群。蚁后不会直接下达命令，也不会告诉蚂蚁该做什么。相反，每只蚂蚁对来自幼虫、其他蚂蚁、入侵者、食物和排泄物的化学气味的刺激作出反应，并留下化学痕迹，这反过来刺激其他蚂蚁。在这里，每只蚂蚁都是一个自主的单元，它们的反应仅仅取决于它们所处的局部环境和它们的蚂蚁种类的遗传编码规则。尽管缺乏集中化的决策，蚁群仍能表现出复杂的行为，甚至被证明具有解决几何问题的能力。例如，蚁群会按照一定的例行规则找到距离所有蚁群入口的最大距离来处理尸体。 − − − − − − It appears that environmental factors may play a role in influencing emergence. Research suggests induced emergence of the bee species [[Macrotera portalis]]. In this species, the bees emerge in a pattern consistent with rainfall. Specifically, the pattern of emergence is consistent with southwestern deserts' late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring.<ref name="Danforth2">{{cite journal|last1=Danforth|first1=Bryan|title=Female Foraging and Intranest Behavior of a Communal Bee, Perdita portalis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|date=1991|volume=84|issue=5|pages=537–48|doi= 10.1093/aesa/84.5.537}}</ref> − − It appears that environmental factors may play a role in influencing emergence. Research suggests induced emergence of the bee species Macrotera portalis. In this species, the bees emerge in a pattern consistent with rainfall. Specifically, the pattern of emergence is consistent with southwestern deserts' late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring. − − 似乎环境因素也可能在影响涌现方面发挥作用，比如''大翅目 Macrotera Portalis''的蜜蜂。在这个物种中，蜜蜂以与降雨量一致的模式出现。具体来说，出现的模式与西南部沙漠春季和夏末的降雨情况相一致。 − − − − A broader example of emergent properties in biology is viewed in the [[biological organisation]] of life, ranging from the [[subatomic]] level to the entire [[biosphere]]. For example, individual [[atom]]s can be combined to form [[molecule]]s such as [[polypeptide]] chains, which in turn [[Protein folding|fold]] and refold to form [[protein]]s, which in turn create even more complex structures. These proteins, assuming their functional status from their spatial conformation, interact together and with other molecules to achieve higher biological functions and eventually create an [[organism]]. Another example is how cascade [[phenotype]] reactions, as detailed in [[chaos theory]], arise from individual genes mutating respective positioning.<ref>[[Neil Campbell (scientist)|Campbell]], Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. ''Biology''. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2002.</ref> At the highest level, all the [[biocoenosis|biological communities]] in the world form the biosphere, where its human participants form societies, and the complex interactions of meta-social systems such as the stock market. − − A broader example of emergent properties in biology is viewed in the biological organisation of life, ranging from the subatomic level to the entire biosphere. For example, individual atoms can be combined to form molecules such as polypeptide chains, which in turn fold and refold to form proteins, which in turn create even more complex structures. These proteins, assuming their functional status from their spatial conformation, interact together and with other molecules to achieve higher biological functions and eventually create an organism. Another example is how cascade phenotype reactions, as detailed in chaos theory, arise from individual genes mutating respective positioning. At the highest level, all the biological communities in the world form the biosphere, where its human participants form societies, and the complex interactions of meta-social systems such as the stock market. − − − − − Among the considered phenomena in the evolutionary account of life, as a continuous history, marked by stages at which fundamentally new forms have appeared - the origin of sapiens intelligence.<ref>[https://global.britannica.com/science/emergence-science Emergence // Encyclopædia Britannica, 2017]</ref> The emergence of mind and its evolution is researched and considered as a separate phenomenon in a special system knowledge called [[noogenesis]].<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ Eryomin A.L. '''Noogenesis and Theory of Intellect'''. Krasnodar, 2005. 356 pp.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031233209/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ |date=2014-10-31 }}</ref> − − Among the considered phenomena in the evolutionary account of life, as a continuous history, marked by stages at which fundamentally new forms have appeared - the origin of sapiens intelligence. The emergence of mind and its evolution is researched and considered as a separate phenomenon in a special system knowledge called noogenesis. − + − + − − Groups of human beings, left free to each regulate themselves, tend to produce [[spontaneous order]], rather than the meaningless chaos often feared. This has been observed in society at least since [[Zhuang Zhou|Chuang Tzu]] in ancient China. Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social systems|last=Luhmann, N.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1995|isbn=|location=Stanford|pages=}}</ref> A classic [[traffic]] [[roundabout]] is also a good example, with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles [http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm], and getting better results. [[Open-source software]] and [[Wiki]] projects form an even more compelling illustration. − − Groups of human beings, left free to each regulate themselves, tend to produce spontaneous order, rather than the meaningless chaos often feared. This has been observed in society at least since Chuang Tzu in ancient China. Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure. A classic traffic roundabout is also a good example, with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles [http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm], and getting better results. Open-source software and Wiki projects form an even more compelling illustration. − − 人类群体如果能够自由地调节自己，往往会产生一种自发的秩序，而不是人们常常害怕的那种毫无意义的混乱。至少从中国古代的庄子以来，这种现象就已经存在于社会中了。人是社会系统的基本要素，它们不断地相互作用，创造、维持或割断相互之间的社会联系。社会系统中的社会纽带随着其结构的重构而不断变化。一个经典的环形交叉路口也是一个很好的例子，十分有效的组织汽车进进出出，以至于一些现代城市已经开始用环形交叉路口的红绿灯取代经常出现问题的十字路口的红绿灯，并取得了更好的结果。开源软件和 Wiki 项目提供了一个更加引人注目的例子。 − − + − Emergent processes or behaviors can be seen in many other places, such as cities, [[cabal]] and [[market-dominant minority]] phenomena in economics, organizational phenomena in [[computer simulation]]s and [[cellular automata]]. Whenever there is a multitude of individuals interacting, an order emerges from disorder; a pattern, a decision, a structure, or a change in direction occurs.<ref>Miller, Peter. 2010. The Smart Swarm: How understanding flocks, schools, and colonies can make us better at communicating, decision making, and getting things done. New York: Avery.</ref> − − Emergent processes or behaviors can be seen in many other places, such as cities, cabal and market-dominant minority phenomena in economics, organizational phenomena in computer simulations and cellular automata. Whenever there is a multitude of individuals interacting, an order emerges from disorder; a pattern, a decision, a structure, or a change in direction occurs. − − 涌现过程或行为可以在许多其他地方看到，如城市、经济学中的垄断现象、计算机模拟和元胞自动机中的组织现象。无论何时，只要有大量的个体相互作用，一种秩序就会从混乱中产生（无序就会产生秩序;)一种模式、一种决定、一种结构或方向的改变就会发生。 − − − − The [[stock market]] (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no [[Economic planning|central planning]] is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by [[technical analysis|technical analysts]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}. − − The stock market (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no central planning is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by technical analysts.. − − − − − The [[World Wide Web]] is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a [[power law]] in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A related property of the network of links in the World Wide Web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called [[small-world network]]s. {{Harv|Barabasi, Jeong, & Albert|1999|pp=130–31}} − − The World Wide Web is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a power law in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A related property of the network of links in the World Wide Web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called small-world networks. − − − − − − − Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in {{Harv|Smith|2008|pp=1–31}}. − − Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, TCP flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in ]. − − − − − − Another important example of emergence in web-based systems is [[social bookmarking]] (also called collaborative tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Recent research which analyzes empirically the complex dynamics of such systems<ref name="TWEB-ref" >Valentin Robu, Harry Halpin, Hana Shepherd [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1594173.1594176 Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems], ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB), Vol. 3(4), article 14, ACM Press, September 2009.</ref> has shown that consensus on stable distributions and a simple form of [[Folksonomy|shared vocabularies]] does indeed emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary. Some believe that this could be because users who contribute tags all use the same language, and they share similar semantic structures underlying the choice of words. The convergence in social tags may therefore be interpreted as the emergence of structures as people who have similar semantic interpretation collaboratively index online information, a process called semantic imitation.<ref>{{Citation − | last1 = Fu | first1 = Wai-Tat − | title = A Semantic Imitation Model of Social Tagging − | journal = Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Social Computing − | pages = 66–72 − | date = August 2009 − | url = http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1633745 − | doi = 10.1109/CSE.2009.382 − | last2 = Kannampallil − | first2 = Thomas George − | last3 = Kang − | first3 = Ruogu − | isbn = 978-1-4244-5334-4 | s2cid = 10229043 − }}</ref><ref>{{Citation − | last1 = Fu | first1 = Wai-Tat − | title = Semantic Imitation in Social Tagging − | journal = ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction − | year = 2010 − | doi = 10.1145/1806923.1806926 − | last2 = Kannampallil − | first2 = Thomas − | last3 = Kang − | first3 = Ruogu − | last4 = He − | first4 = Jibo − | volume = 17 − | issue = 3 − | pages = 1–37 | s2cid = 6964273 − }}</ref> − − − Another important example of emergence in web-based systems is social bookmarking (also called collaborative tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Recent research which analyzes empirically the complex dynamics of such systems has shown that consensus on stable distributions and a simple form of shared vocabularies does indeed emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary. Some believe that this could be because users who contribute tags all use the same language, and they share similar semantic structures underlying the choice of words. The convergence in social tags may therefore be interpreted as the emergence of structures as people who have similar semantic interpretation collaboratively index online information, a process called semantic imitation. 第453行：
第319行： − + − − − Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]] − − 城市的交通模式可以看作是[[自发秩序]]的一个例子 − − Emergent structures appear at many different [[integrative level|levels of organization]] or as [[spontaneous order]]. Emergent [[self-organization]] appears frequently in [[city|cities]] where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. {{Harv|Krugman|1996|pp=9–29}} The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a [[wikt:Homogeneous|homogeneous]] field, but divided across its application or problem [[function domain|domains]]. − − Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application or problem domains. − − − Architects may not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they might let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn, such as a [[desire path]]. − − Architects may not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they might let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn, such as a desire path. − − − The on-course action and vehicle progression of the [[DARPA Grand Challenge#2007 Urban Challenge|2007 Urban Challenge]] could possibly be regarded as an example of [[cybernetic]] emergence. Patterns of road use, indeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance. − − The on-course action and vehicle progression of the 2007 Urban Challenge could possibly be regarded as an example of cybernetic emergence. Patterns of road use, indeterministic obstacle clearance times, etc. will work together to form a complex emergent pattern that can not be deterministically planned in advance. − − − − − The architectural school of [[Christopher Alexander]] takes a deeper approach to emergence, attempting to rewrite the process of urban growth itself in order to affect form, establishing a new methodology of planning and design tied to traditional practices, an [http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/the-journey-to-emergence/ Emergent Urbanism]. Urban emergence has also been linked to theories of urban complexity {{Harv|Batty|2005}} and urban evolution.{{Harv|Marshall|2009}} − − The architectural school of Christopher Alexander takes a deeper approach to emergence, attempting to rewrite the process of urban growth itself in order to affect form, establishing a new methodology of planning and design tied to traditional practices, an [http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/the-journey-to-emergence/ Emergent Urbanism]. Urban emergence has also been linked to theories of urban complexity and urban evolution. − − − − − Building ecology is a conceptual framework for understanding architecture and the built environment as the interface between the dynamically interdependent elements of buildings, their occupants, and the larger environment. Rather than viewing buildings as inanimate or static objects, building ecologist Hal Levin views them as interfaces or intersecting domains of living and non-living systems.<ref name="microbe.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.microbe.net/fact-sheet-building-ecology/ |title=Fact Sheet: Building Ecology |accessdate=2011-08-04 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203182235/http://www.microbe.net/fact-sheet-building-ecology/ |archivedate=2012-02-03 |date=2011-05-26 }}</ref> The microbial ecology of the indoor environment is strongly dependent on the building materials, occupants, contents, environmental context and the indoor and outdoor climate. The strong relationship between atmospheric chemistry and indoor air quality and the chemical reactions occurring indoors. The chemicals may be nutrients, neutral or biocides for the microbial organisms. The microbes produce chemicals that affect the building materials and occupant health and well being. Humans manipulate the ventilation, temperature and humidity to achieve comfort with the concomitant effects on the microbes that populate and evolve.<ref name="microbe.net"/><ref>http://www.microbe.net {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210118/http://www.microbe.net/ |date=2011-07-23 }}</ref><ref>http://buildingecology.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808024931/http://www.buildingecology.com/ |date=2011-08-08 }}</ref> − − Building ecology is a conceptual framework for understanding architecture and the built environment as the interface between the dynamically interdependent elements of buildings, their occupants, and the larger environment. Rather than viewing buildings as inanimate or static objects, building ecologist Hal Levin views them as interfaces or intersecting domains of living and non-living systems. The microbial ecology of the indoor environment is strongly dependent on the building materials, occupants, contents, environmental context and the indoor and outdoor climate. The strong relationship between atmospheric chemistry and indoor air quality and the chemical reactions occurring indoors. The chemicals may be nutrients, neutral or biocides for the microbial organisms. The microbes produce chemicals that affect the building materials and occupant health and well being. Humans manipulate the ventilation, temperature and humidity to achieve comfort with the concomitant effects on the microbes that populate and evolve. − 第503行：
第335行： − − − − Eric Bonabeau's attempt to define emergent phenomena is through traffic: "traffic jams are actually very complicated and mysterious. On an individual level, each driver is trying to get somewhere and is following (or breaking) certain rules, some legal (the speed limit) and others societal or personal (slow down to let another driver change into your lane). But a traffic jam is a separate and distinct entity that emerges from those individual behaviors. [[Gridlock]] on a highway, for example, can travel backward for no apparent reason, even as the cars are moving forward." He has also likened emergent phenomena to the analysis of market trends and employee behavior.<ref>Bonabeau E. Predicting the Unpredictable. Harvard Business Review [serial online]. March 2002. 80(3):109–16. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 1, 2012.</ref> − − Eric Bonabeau's attempt to define emergent phenomena is through traffic: "traffic jams are actually very complicated and mysterious. On an individual level, each driver is trying to get somewhere and is following (or breaking) certain rules, some legal (the speed limit) and others societal or personal (slow down to let another driver change into your lane). But a traffic jam is a separate and distinct entity that emerges from those individual behaviors. Gridlock on a highway, for example, can travel backward for no apparent reason, even as the cars are moving forward." He has also likened emergent phenomena to the analysis of market trends and employee behavior. − − − − Computational emergent phenomena have also been utilized in architectural design processes, for example for formal explorations and experiments in digital materiality.<ref>Roudavski, Stanislav and Gwyllim Jahn (2012). 'Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System', in 15th Generative Art Conference, ed. by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp. 348–63 − {{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/2368574 |title=Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System |access-date=2017-11-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523233743/http://www.academia.edu/2368574/Emergent_Materiality_though_an_Embedded_Multi-Agent_System |archive-date=2015-05-23 |last1=Roudavski |first1=Stanislav }} − </ref> − − Computational emergent phenomena have also been utilized in architectural design processes, for example for formal explorations and experiments in digital materiality. 第525行：
第343行： − − Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications utilize emergent behavior for animation. One example is [[Boids]], which mimics the [[swarming behavior]] of birds. − − Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications utilize emergent behavior for animation. One example is Boids, which mimics the swarming behavior of birds. − − − It has been argued that the structure and regularity of [[language]] [[grammar]], or at least [[language change]], is an emergent phenomenon {{Harv|Hopper|1998}}. While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed {{Harv|Keller|1994}}. In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances {{Harv|Määttä|2000}}. − − It has been argued that the structure and regularity of language grammar, or at least language change, is an emergent phenomenon . While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed . In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances . − − Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include [[SEED-SCALE]], [[appreciative inquiry]], Future Search, the world cafe or [[knowledge cafe]], [[Open Space Technology]], and others (Holman, 2010<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holman|first=Peggy|date=December 2010 – January 2011|title=Engaging Emergence: Turning Upheaval into Opportunity|url=http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|journal=Pegasus Communication: The Systems Thinker|volume=21|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418075443/http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-18}}</ref>). − − Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include SEED-SCALE, appreciative inquiry, Future Search, the world cafe or knowledge cafe, Open Space Technology, and others (Holman, 2010). −
无编辑摘要
生命是复杂性的主要来源，进化是不同生命形式背后的主要过程。这种观点认为，进化是描述自然界中复杂性增长的过程。在谈到复杂生物和生命形式的涌现时，这种观点是指进化中的突变就是复杂性的主要来源。
生命是复杂性的主要来源，进化是不同生命形式背后的主要过程。这种观点认为，进化是描述自然界中复杂性增长的过程。在谈到复杂生物和生命形式的涌现时，这种观点是指进化中的突变就是复杂性的主要来源。
生命被认为是在早期的 RNA 世界中出现的。那时 RNA 链展示出了达尔文所构想的自然选择运作的基本条件: 遗传、变异、和对有限资源的竞争。'''RNA 复制器 RNA Replicators'''的固有的适应能力(亦即RNA的平均增长率，在某种意义上说，它们是由核酸序列决定的)和''可用资源''的函数。<ref name="Bernstein">{{cite journal | last1 = Bernstein | first1 = H | last2 = Byerly | first2 = HC | last3 = Hopf | first3 = FA | last4 = Michod | first4 = RA | last5 = Vemulapalli | first5 = GK | year = 1983 | title = The Darwinian Dynamic | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 58 | issue = 2| pages = 185–207 | doi=10.1086/413216| jstor = 2828805 }}</ref><ref name="Michod">Michod RE. (2000) Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey {{ISBN|0691050112}}</ref>
其中三种主要的适应能力可能是: (1)具有中等保真度的复制能力(同时具有遗传和变异的能力) ; (2)避免衰变的能力; (3)获取和加工资源的能力。<ref name=Bernstein /><ref name =Michod />这些能力最初是由 RNA 复制器的折叠结构决定的，而这些结构又反过来编码在各自的核酸序列中。不同复制器之间的竞争成败将取决于这些适应能力的相对值。
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 觉得原文是个半截句 the availability of resources。。。？| [[用户:Qige96|Ricky]] 不。原文是“RNA适应性是适应能力和可用资源的函数（Fitness ... be a function of adaptive capacities ... and the availability of resources）”
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 觉得原文是个半截句 the availability of resources。。。？| [[用户:Qige96|Ricky]] 不。原文是“RNA适应性是适应能力和可用资源的函数（Fitness ... be a function of adaptive capacities ... and the availability of resources）”
关于进化中的因果关系，彼得·康宁观察到:
关于进化中的因果关系，彼得·康宁观察到:
<blockquote>Synergistic effects of various kinds have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process generally and in the evolution of cooperation and complexity in particular... Natural selection is often portrayed as a “mechanism”, or is personified as a causal agency... In reality, the differential “selection” of a trait, or an adaptation, is a consequence of the functional effects it produces in relation to the survival and reproductive success of a given organism in a given environment. It is these functional effects that are ultimately responsible for the trans-generational continuities and changes in nature.{{nowrap|{{Harv|Corning|2002}}}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>一般来说，各种协同作用在进化过程中，特别是在合作和复杂性的进化中起着重要的因果作用，自然选择通常被描述为一种“机制”，或者被人格化为一种因果代理。实际上，对某一特性或适应性的差异化“选择”，是这些特性所产生的''功能性效应''使得特定环境中特定生物体生存和繁殖的成功。正是这些功能性效应最终导致了'''跨代连续性 Trans-generational Continuities'''和自然界的变化。</blockquote>
一般来说，各种协同作用在进化过程中，特别是在合作和复杂性的进化中起着重要的因果作用，自然选择通常被描述为一种“机制”，或者被人格化为一种因果代理。实际上，对某一特性或适应性的差异化“选择”，是这些特性所产生的''功能性效应''使得特定环境中特定生物体生存和繁殖的成功。正是这些功能性效应最终导致了'''跨代连续性 Trans-generational Continuities'''和自然界的变化。
</blockquote>
根据其对涌现的定义，康宁还提到了“涌现”和“进化” :
根据其对涌现的定义，康宁还提到了“涌现”和“进化” :
<blockquote>[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key.{{nowrap|{{Harv|Corning|2002}}}}
<blockquote>在进化过程中，因果关系是迭代的，结果同时也是原因。这同样适用于由涌现系统产生的'''协同效应 Synergistic Effects'''。换句话说，涌现本身是生物进化中涌现现象的根本原因。有组织的系统产生的协同增效作用才是进化的关键。</blockquote>
在进化过程中，因果关系是迭代的，结果同时也是原因。这同样适用于由涌现系统产生的'''协同效应 Synergistic Effects'''。换句话说，涌现本身是生物进化中涌现现象的根本原因。有组织的系统产生的协同增效作用才是进化的关键。
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） （进化的）是自己加的不知是否合适
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） （进化的）是自己加的不知是否合适
'''集群 Swarming''' 在许多动物物种中是一种普遍的行为，从蝗虫群到鱼群，再到鸟群。涌现结构是许多动物群体中常见的策略: 例如蚁群，白蚁筑成的蚁丘、蜜蜂群、浅滩或鱼群、鸟群和哺乳动物群落。
'''集群 Swarming''' 在许多动物物种中是一种普遍的行为，从蝗虫群到鱼群，再到鸟群。涌现结构是许多动物群体中常见的策略: 例如蚁群，白蚁筑成的蚁丘、蜜蜂群、浅滩或鱼群、鸟群和哺乳动物群落。
需要详细考虑的一个例子是蚁群。蚁后不会直接下达命令，也不会告诉蚂蚁该做什么。相反，每只蚂蚁对来自幼虫、其他蚂蚁、入侵者、食物和排泄物的化学气味的刺激作出反应，并留下化学痕迹，这反过来刺激其他蚂蚁。在这里，每只蚂蚁都是一个自主的单元，它们的反应仅仅取决于它们所处的局部环境和它们的蚂蚁种类的遗传编码规则。尽管缺乏集中化的决策，蚁群仍能表现出复杂的行为，甚至被证明具有解决几何问题的能力。例如，蚁群会按照一定的例行规则找到距离所有蚁群入口的最大距离来处理尸体。<ref>Steven Johnson. 2001. [[Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software]]</ref>
似乎环境因素也可能在影响涌现方面发挥作用，比如''大翅目 Macrotera Portalis''的蜜蜂。在这个物种中，蜜蜂以与降雨量一致的模式出现。具体来说，出现的模式与西南部沙漠春季和夏末的降雨情况相一致。<ref name="Danforth2">{{cite journal|last1=Danforth|first1=Bryan|title=Female Foraging and Intranest Behavior of a Communal Bee, Perdita portalis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|date=1991|volume=84|issue=5|pages=537–48|doi= 10.1093/aesa/84.5.537}}</ref>
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring 翻译为 春季和夏末的降雨情况
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring 翻译为 春季和夏末的降雨情况
====生命的组织====
====生命的组织====
从生命的生物组织，从亚原子水平到整个生物圈，我们可以看到生物涌现特性的一个更广泛的例子。例如，单个原子可以结合形成多肽链之类的分子，多肽链再折叠形成蛋白质，而蛋白质又形成更复杂的结构。这些蛋白质，从它们的空间结构中获得它们的功能状态，并与其他分子相互作用，实现更高的生物功能，最终创造出一个生物体。另一个例子是'''级联表现型反应 Cascade Phenotype Reactions'''，如混沌理论中详细描述的，级联表现型反应产生于个体基因在特定位置的变异<ref>[[Neil Campbell (scientist)|Campbell]], Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. ''Biology''. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2002.</ref> 。在最高层次上，世界上所有的生物群落形成了生物圈，其中，人类形成了人类社会，并形成了诸如股票市场等元社会系统的复杂相互作用。
从生命的生物组织，从亚原子水平到整个生物圈，我们可以看到生物涌现特性的一个更广泛的例子。例如，单个原子可以结合形成多肽链之类的分子，多肽链再折叠形成蛋白质，而蛋白质又形成更复杂的结构。这些蛋白质，从它们的空间结构中获得它们的功能状态，并与其他分子相互作用，实现更高的生物功能，最终创造出一个生物体。另一个例子是'''级联表现型反应 Cascade Phenotype Reactions'''，如混沌理论中详细描述的，级联表现型反应产生于个体基因在特定位置的变异<ref>[[Neil Campbell (scientist)|Campbell]], Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. ''Biology''. 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2002.</ref> 。在最高层次上，世界上所有的生物群落形成了生物圈，其中，人类形成了人类社会，并形成了诸如股票市场等元社会系统的复杂相互作用。
====心灵的涌现====
====心灵的涌现====
生命的进化描述是一段连续的历史，以出现根本性新形式的阶段为标志——人类智力的是其中的一个标志<ref>[https://global.britannica.com/science/emergence-science Emergence // Encyclopædia Britannica, 2017]</ref>。心智的涌现及其演化被认为是特殊系统知识中的一个独立的现象，被称为''心智演化 Noogenesis''。<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ Eryomin A.L. '''Noogenesis and Theory of Intellect'''. Krasnodar, 2005. 356 pp.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031233209/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ |date=2014-10-31 }}</ref>
生命的进化描述是一段连续的历史，以出现根本性新形式的阶段为标志——人类智力的是其中的一个标志<ref>[https://global.britannica.com/science/emergence-science Emergence // Encyclopædia Britannica, 2017]</ref>。心智的涌现及其演化被认为是特殊系统知识中的一个独立的现象，被称为''心智演化 Noogenesis''。<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ Eryomin A.L. '''Noogenesis and Theory of Intellect'''. Krasnodar, 2005. 356 pp.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031233209/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259390703_Eryomin_A.L._Noogenesis_and_Theory_of_Intellect._Krasnodar_2005.__356_p.__._.____.___2005.__356_ |date=2014-10-31 }}</ref>
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 第一句增加（很重要）
--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 第一句增加（很重要）
==在人类学中 ==
==在人类学中==
===自发秩序===
===自发秩序===
人类群体如果能够自由地调节自己，往往会产生一种自发的秩序，而不是人们常常害怕的那种毫无意义的混乱。至少从中国古代的庄子以来，这种现象就已经存在于社会中了。人是社会系统的基本要素，它们不断地相互作用，创造、维持或割断相互之间的社会联系。社会系统中的社会纽带随着其结构的重构而不断变化。<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social systems|last=Luhmann, N.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1995|isbn=|location=Stanford|pages=}}</ref>一个经典的环形交叉路口也是一个很好的例子，十分有效的组织汽车进进出出，以至于一些现代城市已经开始用环形交叉路口的红绿灯取代经常出现问题的十字路口的红绿灯，并取得了更好的结果。开源软件和 Wiki 项目提供了一个更加引人注目的例子。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles 没有搜到 problem intersections对应的专有名词 问题十字路口暂时直译；交通圈是指各种中心地的交通吸引范围。以各条交通线路上的交通流分界点所包围的范围来表示。无论客流、货流或车流等都具有向各种量级中心地汇集的特征，通过寻找各个交通线上下行方向发生明显变化的交通流变流点，将这些点相连所划定的范围即构成一级交通圈，圈内各条线路上的交通流共同指向一个中心地。 是不是可以换为“十字路口问题”？| [[用户:QIge96|Ricky]] 我扩展成了“经常出现问题的十字路口”
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles 没有搜到 problem intersections对应的专有名词 问题十字路口暂时直译；交通圈是指各种中心地的交通吸引范围。以各条交通线路上的交通流分界点所包围的范围来表示。无论客流、货流或车流等都具有向各种量级中心地汇集的特征，通过寻找各个交通线上下行方向发生明显变化的交通流变流点，将这些点相连所划定的范围即构成一级交通圈，圈内各条线路上的交通流共同指向一个中心地。 是不是可以换为“十字路口问题”？| [[用户:QIge96|Ricky]] 我扩展成了“经常出现问题的十字路口”
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）补充解释：自发秩序原理指市场控制是不必要的，因为市场本身能够产生一种自发的秩序——每个人都在“看不见的手”的引导下自发地实现个人利益的极大化。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）补充解释：自发秩序原理指市场控制是不必要的，因为市场本身能够产生一种自发的秩序——每个人都在“看不见的手”的引导下自发地实现个人利益的极大化。
涌现过程或行为可以在许多其他地方看到，如城市、经济学中的垄断现象、计算机模拟和元胞自动机中的组织现象。无论何时，只要有大量的个体相互作用，一种秩序就会从混乱中产生（无序就会产生秩序;)一种模式、一种决定、一种结构或方向的改变就会发生。<ref>Miller, Peter. 2010. The Smart Swarm: How understanding flocks, schools, and colonies can make us better at communicating, decision making, and getting things done. New York: Avery.</ref>
====经济学====
====经济学====
股票市场(或任何市场)就是一个大规模涌现的例子。作为一个整体，它精确地调节着世界上各地公司的相对安全价格，然而它没有领导者。当没有中央计划的时候，就没有一个实体控制着整个市场的运作。经纪人或投资者只了解其投资组合中有限的几家公司，他们必须遵守市场的监管规则，对交易进行单独或大规模的分析。趋势和模式的出现则是由技术分析师深入研究的。
股票市场(或任何市场)就是一个大规模涌现的例子。作为一个整体，它精确地调节着世界上各地公司的相对安全价格，然而它没有领导者。当没有中央计划的时候，就没有一个实体控制着整个市场的运作。经纪人或投资者只了解其投资组合中有限的几家公司，他们必须遵守市场的监管规则，对交易进行单独或大规模的分析。趋势和模式的出现则是由技术分析师深入研究的。
====万维网与互联网====
====万维网与互联网====
万维网是一个分散系统展示涌现属性的常见例子。没有中央组织限制链接的数量，但是指向每个页面的链接数量遵循幂律分布，即少数页面被多次链接，而大多数页面很少被链接。万维网链接网络的一个相关特性是，几乎任何一对页面都可以通过相对较短的链接相互连通。虽然这个特性现在已经被大众所熟悉，但是这个特性最初在不受控制的网络中是意想不到的。它与许多其他类型的网络共享，称为小世界网络。{{Harv|Barabasi, Jeong, & Albert|1999|pp=130–31}}
万维网是一个分散系统展示涌现属性的常见例子。没有中央组织限制链接的数量，但是指向每个页面的链接数量遵循幂律分布，即少数页面被多次链接，而大多数页面很少被链接。万维网链接网络的一个相关特性是，几乎任何一对页面都可以通过相对较短的链接相互连通。虽然这个特性现在已经被大众所熟悉，但是这个特性最初在不受控制的网络中是意想不到的。它与许多其他类型的网络共享，称为小世界网络。{{Harv|Barabasi, Jeong, & Albert|1999|pp=130–31}}
互联网流量也可以表现出一些看似涌现的特性。在拥塞控制机制中，TCP 流可以在瓶颈处实现全局同步，在协调中同时增加和减少吞吐量拥塞，这被广泛认为是一种滋扰，可能是一个涌现的特性，在高流量的网络中传播的瓶颈可以被认为是一个相变(见相关研究的评论)。 {{Harv|Smith|2008|pp=1–31}}.
互联网流量也可以表现出一些看似涌现的特性。在拥塞控制机制中，TCP 流可以在瓶颈处实现全局同步，在协调中同时增加和减少吞吐量拥塞，这被广泛认为是一种滋扰，可能是一个涌现的特性，在高流量的网络中传播的瓶颈可以被认为是一个相变(见相关研究的评论)。 {{Harv|Smith|2008|pp=1–31}}.
另一个出现在基于web系统中的重要例子是社会化书签(也称为协作标签)。'''社会化书签 Social Bookmark'''是指用户可以将网站随时加入自己的网络书签中；用多个关键词标示和整理书签，并与人共享。在社会化书签系统中，用户为与其他用户共享的资源分配标签，这就产生了一种从众包过程中产生的信息组织。最近对这种系统的复杂动力学进行实证分析的研究表明，即使在缺乏中央控制的情术语况下，也确实可以出现一套简单的共享术语。<ref name="TWEB-ref" >Valentin Robu, Harry Halpin, Hana Shepherd [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1594173.1594176 Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems], ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB), Vol. 3(4), article 14, ACM Press, September 2009.</ref>一些人认为，这可能是因为提供标签的用户都使用同一种语言，而且他们在选择术语时具有相似的语义结构。因此，社交标签的趋同可以解释为具有相似语义解释的人协同索引在线信息的结构涌现，这一过程称为语义模仿。<ref>{{Citation
另一个出现在基于web系统中的重要例子是社会化书签(也称为协作标签)。'''社会化书签 Social Bookmark'''是指用户可以将网站随时加入自己的网络书签中；用多个关键词标示和整理书签，并与人共享。在社会化书签系统中，用户为与其他用户共享的资源分配标签，这就产生了一种从众包过程中产生的信息组织。最近对这种系统的复杂动力学进行实证分析的研究表明，即使在缺乏中央控制的情术语况下，也确实可以出现一套简单的共享术语。<ref name="TWEB-ref" >Valentin Robu, Harry Halpin, Hana Shepherd [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1594173.1594176 Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems], ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB), Vol. 3(4), article 14, ACM Press, September 2009.</ref>一些人认为，这可能是因为提供标签的用户都使用同一种语言，而且他们在选择术语时具有相似的语义结构。因此，社交标签的趋同可以解释为具有相似语义解释的人协同索引在线信息的结构涌现，这一过程称为语义模仿。<ref>{{Citation
====建筑与城市====
====建筑与城市====
[[File:Bangkok skytrain sunset.jpg|thumb|right|300px|城市的交通模式可以看作是[[自发秩序]]的一个例子]]
[[File:Bangkok skytrain sunset.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]城市的交通模式可以看作是[[自发秩序]]的一个例子{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}|链接=Special:FilePath/Bangkok_skytrain_sunset.jpg]]
涌现结构在许多不同层次的组织或自发秩序中出现。涌现性自组织经常出现在非规划的、或分区没有被预先决定的城市布局中。对于涌现行为的跨学科研究通常不被认为是一个单一的领域，而是被划分到跨学科应用或问题领域中。
涌现结构在许多不同层次的组织或自发秩序中出现。涌现性自组织经常出现在非规划的、或分区没有被预先决定的城市布局中。对于涌现行为的跨学科研究通常不被认为是一个单一的领域，而是被划分到跨学科应用或问题领域中。
建筑师可能不会设计一个建筑群的所有通道。相反，他们可能会让“通路”自发涌现：让人们自由选择走出道路，然后在道路已经磨损的地方铺设路面，比如“心选小路”。'''心选小路 Desire Path'''，也叫牛道 Cow Path 或者羊道 Goat Track ，指行人或自行车频繁经过而形成的一条小路。这种小路通常是往返于两地之间距离最短且最易找到的路。一般情况下，当正式修建的道路绕远、路中间有沟，或者压根没有正式道路的地方就会出现“心选小路”。
建筑师可能不会设计一个建筑群的所有通道。相反，他们可能会让“通路”自发涌现：让人们自由选择走出道路，然后在道路已经磨损的地方铺设路面，比如“心选小路”。'''心选小路 Desire Path'''，也叫牛道 Cow Path 或者羊道 Goat Track ，指行人或自行车频繁经过而形成的一条小路。这种小路通常是往返于两地之间距离最短且最易找到的路。一般情况下，当正式修建的道路绕远、路中间有沟，或者压根没有正式道路的地方就会出现“心选小路”。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]） usage patterns emerge 意译 添加补充
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]） usage patterns emerge 意译 添加补充
“2007年城市挑战”(2007 Urban Challenge)的航线方向和运载路径，可以被视为控制论出现的一个例子。道路使用模式，不确定的障碍物清除时间等，将共同工作形成一个复杂的涌现模式，它不能事先确切地计划。
“2007年城市挑战”(2007 Urban Challenge)的航线方向和运载路径，可以被视为控制论出现的一个例子。道路使用模式，不确定的障碍物清除时间等，将共同工作形成一个复杂的涌现模式，它不能事先确切地计划。
克里斯托佛·亚历山大建筑学派对涌现采取了更深入的方法，试图重写城市发展本身的发展过程，以建立一个与传统实践相联系的规划和设计的新方法论：一个[http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/The-journey-to-emergence/ 涌现的城市主义]。城市的涌现也与城市复杂性和城市演化的理论联系在一起。
克里斯托佛·亚历山大建筑学派对涌现采取了更深入的方法，试图重写城市发展本身的发展过程，以建立一个与传统实践相联系的规划和设计的新方法论：一个[http://emergenturbanism.com/2009/03/23/The-journey-to-emergence/ 涌现的城市主义]。城市的涌现也与城市复杂性和城市演化的理论联系在一起。
建筑生态学是一种概念框架，用于理解建筑和建筑环境之间动态相互依存的要素，包括建筑、居住者和更大的环境。
建筑生态学是一种概念框架，用于理解建筑和建筑环境之间动态相互依存的要素，包括建筑、居住者和更大的环境。
室内环境的微生物生态学强烈依赖于建筑材料、居住者、内容、环境背景和室内外气候。大气化学与室内空气质量及室内发生的化学反应密切相关。这些化学物质可能是微生物的营养物质、中性物质或生物杀灭剂。这些微生物产生的化学物质会影响建筑材料与居民健康。
室内环境的微生物生态学强烈依赖于建筑材料、居住者、内容、环境背景和室内外气候。大气化学与室内空气质量及室内发生的化学反应密切相关。这些化学物质可能是微生物的营养物质、中性物质或生物杀灭剂。这些微生物产生的化学物质会影响建筑材料与居民健康。
人类操纵通风、温度和湿度以达到舒适的环境，同时对居住和进化的微生物产生影响。<ref name="microbe.net"/><ref>http://www.microbe.net {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210118/http://www.microbe.net/ |date=2011-07-23 }}</ref><ref>http://buildingecology.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808024931/http://www.buildingecology.com/ |date=2011-08-08 }}</ref>
人类操纵通风、温度和湿度以达到舒适的环境，同时对居住和进化的微生物产生影响。<ref name="microbe.net"/><ref>http://www.microbe.net {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210118/http://www.microbe.net/ |date=2011-07-23 }}</ref><ref>http://buildingecology.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808024931/http://www.buildingecology.com/ |date=2011-08-08 }}</ref>
Eric Bonabeau 试图通过交通来定义涌现现象: “交通堵塞实际上是非常复杂和神秘的。在个人层面上，每个司机都试图到达某个地方，并遵守(或打破)某些规则。这些规则中一些是法律上的(限速) ，另一些是社会的或个人的(减速让另一个司机进入你的车道)。但是，交通堵塞是从这些个人行为中涌现出来的一个独立的、不同的事物。例如，高速公路上的交通堵塞可能无缘无故地向后延伸，即使车辆在向前行驶。”他还把涌现现象比作对市场趋势和员工行为的分析。<ref>Bonabeau E. Predicting the Unpredictable. Harvard Business Review [serial online]. March 2002. 80(3):109–16. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 1, 2012.</ref>
Eric Bonabeau 试图通过交通来定义涌现现象: “交通堵塞实际上是非常复杂和神秘的。在个人层面上，每个司机都试图到达某个地方，并遵守(或打破)某些规则。这些规则中一些是法律上的(限速) ，另一些是社会的或个人的(减速让另一个司机进入你的车道)。但是，交通堵塞是从这些个人行为中涌现出来的一个独立的、不同的事物。例如，高速公路上的交通堵塞可能无缘无故地向后延伸，即使车辆在向前行驶。”他还把涌现现象比作对市场趋势和员工行为的分析。<ref>Bonabeau E. Predicting the Unpredictable. Harvard Business Review [serial online]. March 2002. 80(3):109–16. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 1, 2012.</ref>
计算涌现现象也被应用于建筑设计过程中，例如在数字物质性方面的正式探索和实验。<ref>Roudavski, Stanislav and Gwyllim Jahn (2012). 'Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System', in 15th Generative Art Conference, ed. by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp. 348–63
计算涌现现象也被应用于建筑设计过程中，例如在数字物质性方面的正式探索和实验。<ref>Roudavski, Stanislav and Gwyllim Jahn (2012). 'Emergent Materiality though an Embedded Multi-Agent System', in 15th Generative Art Conference, ed. by Celestino Soddu (Lucca, Italy: Domus Argenia), pp. 348–63
===计算机人工智能===
===计算机人工智能===
一些人工智能(AI)计算机应用程序利用涌现行为进行动画制作。一个例子是Boids模型，它模仿鸟类的群体行为。
一些人工智能(AI)计算机应用程序利用涌现行为进行动画制作。一个例子是Boids模型，它模仿鸟类的群体行为。
===语言===
===语言===
语言语法的结构和规律，或者至少是语言变化，被认为是一种涌现现象。虽然每个说话人只是试图达到自己的交际目的，但他或她使用语言的方式是特定的。如果有足够多的人这样做，语言就会改变。从更广泛的意义上讲，语言规范，即语言社会的语言习惯，可以看作是在各种社会环境下长期参与交际性解决问题的过程中涌现出来的一个系统{{Harv|Määttä|2000}}。
语言语法的结构和规律，或者至少是语言变化，被认为是一种涌现现象。虽然每个说话人只是试图达到自己的交际目的，但他或她使用语言的方式是特定的。如果有足够多的人这样做，语言就会改变。从更广泛的意义上讲，语言规范，即语言社会的语言习惯，可以看作是在各种社会环境下长期参与交际性解决问题的过程中涌现出来的一个系统{{Harv|Määttä|2000}}。
===涌现的变化过程===
===涌现的变化过程===
在群体引导和组织发展的领域内，已经有提出了一些新的群体过程，意在通过提供一组最小化的初始条件去最大限度地实现涌现和自组织。这些过程的例子包括 SEED-SCALE、赏识调查、未来探索、世界咖啡馆或知识咖啡馆、开放空间技术等(Holman, 2010)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holman|first=Peggy|date=December 2010 – January 2011|title=Engaging Emergence: Turning Upheaval into Opportunity|url=http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|journal=Pegasus Communication: The Systems Thinker|volume=21|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418075443/http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-18}}</ref>。
在群体引导和组织发展的领域内，已经有提出了一些新的群体过程，意在通过提供一组最小化的初始条件去最大限度地实现涌现和自组织。这些过程的例子包括 SEED-SCALE、赏识调查、未来探索、世界咖啡馆或知识咖啡馆、开放空间技术等(Holman, 2010)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holman|first=Peggy|date=December 2010 – January 2011|title=Engaging Emergence: Turning Upheaval into Opportunity|url=http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|journal=Pegasus Communication: The Systems Thinker|volume=21|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418075443/http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-18}}</ref>。