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第1行： − {{short description|Properties of systems that cannot be simply described or modeled}} − {{about||the use in computer science|Computational complexity|other uses|Complexity (disambiguation)}}+ − − {{cleanup rewrite|date=June 2013}} − − − − − 复杂性描述了一个系统或模型的行为，其组件以多种方式交互并遵循局部规则，这意味着没有合理的更高指令来定义各种可能的交互。+ − − − − The term is generally used to characterize something with many parts where those parts interact with each other in multiple ways, culminating in a higher order of emergence greater than the sum of its parts. The study of these complex linkages at various scales is the main goal of complex systems theory. − − 这个术语通常用来描述具有许多部分的事物，其中这些部分以多种方式相互作用，最终以大于其各部分之和的更高级别出现。在不同尺度上研究这些复杂的连杆机构是复杂系统理论的主要目标。 − − + + + + + + − Science takes a number of approaches to characterizing complexity; Zayed et al. − 科学需要许多方法来描述复杂性; 扎耶德等人。+ − | year = 2001+ − reflect many of these. Neil Johnson states that "even among scientists, there is no unique definition of complexity – and the scientific notion has traditionally been conveyed using particular examples..." Ultimately Johnson adopts the definition of "complexity science" as "the study of the phenomena which emerge from a collection of interacting objects". − 反映了很多这样的事情。Neil Johnson 指出，”即使在科学家中，也没有关于复杂性的独特定义——传统上，科学概念是通过特定的例子传达的... ... ”最终，Johnson 采用了”复杂性科学”的定义，即”研究从一系列相互作用的物体中产生的现象”。+ + + − | location = New York+ + − | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Au_tLkCwExQC − | page = 19+ − 复杂性的定义往往取决于”系统”的概念，即一系列部分或要素之间的关系有别于与关系制度之外的其他要素的关系。许多定义倾向于假设或假设复杂性表达了系统中众多元素的条件和元素之间众多形式的关系。然而，人们所认为的复杂和简单是相对的，并且随着时间的推移而变化。+ − | isbn = 978-3411040742}} − </ref> − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + − ‘无组织的复杂性’现象用概率论和统计力学来处理，而‘有组织的复杂性’处理逃避这种方法的现象，并且面对“同时处理相当数量的相关因素，这些因素相互关联，形成一个有机的整体”。+ − − The term is generally used to characterize something with many parts where those parts interact with each other in multiple ways, culminating in a higher order of [[emergence]] greater than the sum of its parts. The study of these complex linkages at various scales is the main goal of [[complex systems theory]]. − 第69行：
第66行： − [[Science]] {{as of | 2010 | lc = on}} takes a number of approaches to characterizing complexity; Zayed ''et al.''<ref> − − J. M. Zayed, N. Nouvel, U. Rauwald, O. A. Scherman. ''Chemical Complexity – supramolecular self-assembly of synthetic and biological building blocks in water''. Chemical Society Reviews, 2010, 39, 2806–2816 http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/CS/b922348g − − Some definitions relate to the algorithmic basis for the expression of a complex phenomenon or model or mathematical expression, as later set out herein. − − 有些定义涉及表达复杂现象或模型或数学表达式的算法基础，如本文后面所述。 − − </ref> − − reflect many of these. [[Neil F. Johnson|Neil Johnson]] states that "even among scientists, there is no unique definition of complexity – and the scientific notion has traditionally been conveyed using particular examples..." Ultimately Johnson adopts the definition of "complexity science" as "the study of the phenomena which emerge from a collection of interacting objects".<ref name="Neil Johnson">{{cite book − − |last = Johnson +
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'''Complexity''' characterises the behaviour of a [[system]] or [[model (disambiguation)|model]] whose components [[interaction|interact]] in multiple ways and follow local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher instruction to define the various possible interactions.
'''Complexity''' characterises the behaviour of a [[system]] or [[model (disambiguation)|model]] whose components [[interaction|interact]] in multiple ways and follow local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher instruction to define the various possible interactions.<ref name="steven">{{cite book
Complexity characterises the behaviour of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher instruction to define the various possible interactions.
Complexity characterises the behaviour of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher instruction to define the various possible interactions.
复杂性描述了一个系统或模型的行为，其组件以多种方式交互并遵循局部规则，这意味着没有更高级（全局）指令来定义各种可能的交互。.<ref name="steven">{{cite book
| last = Johnson
| last = Johnson
| first = Steven
| first = Steven
| title = Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities
| title = Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities
| publisher = Scribner
| publisher = Scribner
| year = 2001
| location = New York
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Au_tLkCwExQC
| page = 19
| isbn = 978-3411040742}}
</ref>
The term is generally used to characterize something with many parts where those parts interact with each other in multiple ways, culminating in a higher order of emergence greater than the sum of its parts. The study of these complex linkages at various scales is the main goal of complex systems theory.
这个术语通常用来描述具有许多组成部分的事物，其中这些部分以多种方式相互作用，最终以大于其各部分之和的更高级别出现。在不同尺度上研究这些复杂的结构是复杂系统理论的主要目标。
[[Science]] {{as of | 2010 | lc = on}} takes a number of approaches to characterizing complexity; Zayed ''et al.''<ref>
J. M. Zayed, N. Nouvel, U. Rauwald, O. A. Scherman. ''Chemical Complexity – supramolecular self-assembly of synthetic and biological building blocks in water''. Chemical Society Reviews, 2010, 39, 2806–2816 http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/CS/b922348g
</ref>reflect many of these. Neil Johnson states that "even among scientists, there is no unique definition of complexity – and the scientific notion has traditionally been conveyed using particular examples..." Ultimately Johnson adopts the definition of "complexity science" as "the study of the phenomena which emerge from a collection of interacting objects".
科学里有许多种刻画复杂性的方法，比如 Zayed 的书中<ref>J. M. Zayed, N. Nouvel, U. Rauwald, O. A. Scherman. ''Chemical Complexity – supramolecular self-assembly of synthetic and biological building blocks in water''. Chemical Society Reviews, 2010, 39, 2806–2816 http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/CS/b922348g
</ref>就给出许多案例。Neil Johnson 指出：“即使在科学家群体中，也没有关于复杂性的独特定义——传统上，关于复杂性的科学观念也是通过特定的例子来表达的... ... ”最终，Johnson 采用了“复杂性科学”的定义，即“研究从一系列相互作用的物体中产生的现象”。
== 综述 ==
Definitions of complexity often depend on the concept of a "system" – a set of parts or elements that have relationships among them differentiated from relationships with other elements outside the relational regime. Many definitions tend to postulate or assume that complexity expresses a condition of numerous elements in a system and numerous forms of relationships among the elements. However, what one sees as complex and what one sees as simple is relative and changes with time.
Definitions of complexity often depend on the concept of a "system" – a set of parts or elements that have relationships among them differentiated from relationships with other elements outside the relational regime. Many definitions tend to postulate or assume that complexity expresses a condition of numerous elements in a system and numerous forms of relationships among the elements. However, what one sees as complex and what one sees as simple is relative and changes with time.
复杂性的定义往往依赖于“系统”的概念，即一系列组成部分或组成要素之间的关系。许多定义倾向于认为复杂性表达了系统中的众多元素和元素之间的众多关系形式。然而，人们所认为的复杂和简单是相对的，并且随着时间的推移而变化。
Warren Weaver posited in 1948 two forms of complexity: disorganized complexity, and organized complexity.
Warren Weaver posited in 1948 two forms of complexity: disorganized complexity, and organized complexity.
沃伦 · 韦弗在1948年提出了复杂性的两种形式: 无组织的复杂性和有组织的复杂性。
沃伦 · 韦弗在1948年提出了复杂性的两种形式: '''无组织的复杂性 disorganized complexity'''和'''有组织的复杂性 organized complexity'''。<ref name=Weaver>{{Cite journal
| last = Weaver
| first = Warren
| title = Science and Complexity
| journal = American Scientist
| volume = 36
| pages = 536–44
| year = 1948
| url = http://people.physics.anu.edu.au/~tas110/Teaching/Lectures/L1/Material/WEAVER1947.pdf
| pmid = 18882675
| issue = 4
| access-date = 2007-11-21}}
</ref>
Phenomena of 'disorganized complexity' are treated using probability theory and statistical mechanics, while 'organized complexity' deals with phenomena that escape such approaches and confront "dealing simultaneously with a sizable number of factors which are interrelated into an organic whole".
Phenomena of 'disorganized complexity' are treated using probability theory and statistical mechanics, while 'organized complexity' deals with phenomena that escape such approaches and confront "dealing simultaneously with a sizable number of factors which are interrelated into an organic whole".
“无组织的复杂性”现象可以用概率论和统计力学来处理，而‘有组织的复杂性’则要处理不适用这种方法的现象，面对的主要问题是“同时处理大规模的相关因素，且这些因素相互关联，形成一个有机的整体”。
体现系统、多元素、多关系体系和状态空间概念的方法可以概括为: 复杂性来自于一个已定义系统中可区分的关系体系(及其相关的状态空间)的数量。
体现系统、多元素、多关系体系和状态空间概念的方法可以概括为: 复杂性来自于一个已定义系统中可区分的关系体系(及其相关的状态空间)的数量。
== Disorganized vs. organized ==
One of the problems in addressing complexity issues has been formalizing the intuitive conceptual distinction between the large number of variances in relationships extant in random collections, and the sometimes large, but smaller, number of relationships between elements in systems where constraints (related to correlation of otherwise independent elements) simultaneously reduce the variations from element independence and create distinguishable regimes of more-uniform, or correlated, relationships, or interactions.
One of the problems in addressing complexity issues has been formalizing the intuitive conceptual distinction between the large number of variances in relationships extant in random collections, and the sometimes large, but smaller, number of relationships between elements in systems where constraints (related to correlation of otherwise independent elements) simultaneously reduce the variations from element independence and create distinguishable regimes of more-uniform, or correlated, relationships, or interactions.