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第19行： − 人工化学是一种类化学系统，通常由名为分子的主体组成，它们会根据类似化学反应的规则相互作用。人工化学的创立和研究是为了理解化学系统的基本性质，包括生命起源前的进化，以及开发化学计算系统。人工化学是计算机科学中的一个领域，其中的化学反应——通常是生化反应——是计算机模拟的，产生了关于进化、自组装和其他生化现象的洞见。该领域不使用实际的化学物质，不应与合成化学或计算化学混淆。更确切地说，将比特信息代表起始分子，并检验反应终产物和产生它们过程。该领域起源于人工生命，但已被证明是一种多用途的方法，在化学、经济学、社会学和语言学等许多领域都有应用。+ 第48行：
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第121行： − 人工化学作为人工生命的子领域而出现，特别是源自强人工生命。这个领域背后的观念是，若想要构建一个有生命的存在，则必须由非生命实体的组合来完成。例如，一个细胞本身是有生命的，但却是非生命分子的组合。此外，人工化学还吸引了另一批研究者，他们相信一种极端的自下而上的人工生命方法。在人工生命中，比特信息被用来表示细菌或物种个体，在计算机模拟中，每个细菌或物种都会移动、繁殖或者死亡。在人工化学中，比特信息被用来表示能彼此反应的起始分子。该领域与人工智能有关，因为数十亿年的演化过程中，非生命物质进化为原始生命形式，而原始生命形式又进化为智能生命形式。+ 第151行：
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is a chemical-like system that usually consists of objects, called molecules, that interact according to rules resembling chemical reaction rules. Artificial chemistries are created and studied in order to understand fundamental properties of chemical systems, including prebiotic evolution, as well as for developing chemical computing systems. Artificial chemistry is a field within computer science wherein chemical reactions—often biochemical ones—are computer-simulated, yielding insights on evolution, self-assembly, and other biochemical phenomena. The field does not use actual chemicals, and should not be confused with either synthetic chemistry or computational chemistry. Rather, bits of information are used to represent the starting molecules, and the end products are examined along with the processes that led to them. The field originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry, economics, sociology and linguistics.
is a chemical-like system that usually consists of objects, called molecules, that interact according to rules resembling chemical reaction rules. Artificial chemistries are created and studied in order to understand fundamental properties of chemical systems, including prebiotic evolution, as well as for developing chemical computing systems. Artificial chemistry is a field within computer science wherein chemical reactions—often biochemical ones—are computer-simulated, yielding insights on evolution, self-assembly, and other biochemical phenomena. The field does not use actual chemicals, and should not be confused with either synthetic chemistry or computational chemistry. Rather, bits of information are used to represent the starting molecules, and the end products are examined along with the processes that led to them. The field originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry, economics, sociology and linguistics.
人工化学是一种类化学系统，通常由名为分子的主体组成，它们会根据类似化学反应的规则相互作用。人工化学的创立和研究是为了理解化学系统的基本性质，包括生命起源前的进化，以及开发化学计算系统。人工化学是计算机科学中的一个领域，其中的化学反应——通常是生化反应——是计算机模拟的，提供了关于进化、自组装和其他生化现象的洞见。该领域不使用实际的化学物质，不应与合成化学或计算化学混淆。更确切地说，是将比特信息代表起始分子，并检验反应终产物和产生它们过程。该领域起源于人工生命，但已被证明是一种多用途的方法，在化学、经济学、社会学和语言学等许多领域都有应用。
==Formal definition==
==Formal definition==
==Types of artificial chemistries==
==Types of artificial chemistries==
= = 人工化学的类型 = =
= = 人工化学的种类 = =
* depending on the space of possible molecules
* depending on the space of possible molecules
Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub-field of artificial life, in particular from strong artificial life. The idea behind this field was that if one wanted to build something alive, it had to be done by a combination of non-living entities. For instance, a cell is itself alive, and yet is a combination of non-living molecules. Artificial chemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom-up approach to artificial life. In artificial life, bits of information were used to represent bacteria or members of a species, each of which moved, multiplied, or died in computer simulations. In artificial chemistry bits of information are used to represent starting molecules capable of reacting with one another. The field has pertained to artificial intelligence by virtue of the fact that, over billions of years, non-living matter evolved into primordial life forms which in turn evolved into intelligent life forms.
Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub-field of artificial life, in particular from strong artificial life. The idea behind this field was that if one wanted to build something alive, it had to be done by a combination of non-living entities. For instance, a cell is itself alive, and yet is a combination of non-living molecules. Artificial chemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom-up approach to artificial life. In artificial life, bits of information were used to represent bacteria or members of a species, each of which moved, multiplied, or died in computer simulations. In artificial chemistry bits of information are used to represent starting molecules capable of reacting with one another. The field has pertained to artificial intelligence by virtue of the fact that, over billions of years, non-living matter evolved into primordial life forms which in turn evolved into intelligent life forms.
人工化学作为人工生命的子领域而出现，特别是源自强人工生命。这个领域背后的观念是，若想要构建一个有生命的存在，则必须由非生命实体的组合来完成。例如，一个细胞本身是有生命的，但却是非生命分子的组合。此外，人工化学还吸引了另一批研究者，他们相信一种极端的自下而上的人工生命方法。在人工生命中，比特信息被用来表示细菌或物种个体，在计算机模拟中，每个细菌或物种都会移动、繁殖或者死亡。在人工化学中，比特信息则被用来表示能彼此反应的起始分子。该领域与人工智能有关，因为数十亿年的演化过程中，非生命物质进化为原始生命形式，而原始生命形式又进化为智能生命形式。
==Important contributors==
==Important contributors==
.P. Speroni di Fenizio. Chemical Organization Theory. PhD thesis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 2007.
.P. Speroni di Fenizio. Chemical Organization Theory. PhD thesis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 2007.
关于人工化学的第一篇参考文献来自约翰 · 麦卡斯基尔（John McCaskill）的一篇技术论文。沃尔特·丰塔纳（Walter Fontana）与利奥·巴斯（Leo Buss）合作，随后开发了AlChemy模型。该模型发表于第二届国际人工生命大会。在他的第一篇论文中，他提出了组织的概念，即一组代数封闭且自我维持的分子。迪特里奇（Dittrich）和斯佩罗尼·迪·费尼齐奥（Speroni di Fenizio）将这一概念进一步发展为化学组织理论
关于人工化学的第一篇参考文献来自约翰 · 麦卡斯基尔（John McCaskill）的一篇技术论文。沃尔特·丰塔纳（Walter Fontana）与利奥·巴斯（Leo Buss）合作，随后开发了AlChemy模型。该模型发表于第二届国际人工生命大会。在他的第一篇论文中，他提出了组织的概念，即一组代数封闭且自我维持的分子。迪特里奇（Dittrich）和斯佩罗尼·迪·费尼齐奥（Speroni di Fenizio）将这一概念进一步发展为化学组织理论。
Two main schools of artificial chemistries have been in Japan and Germany.
Two main schools of artificial chemistries have been in Japan and Germany.