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共同进化最初是一个生物学概念，但研究人员已将其应用于计算机科学、社会学和天文学等领域。

共同进化最初是一个生物学概念，但研究人员已将其应用于计算机科学、社会学和天文学等领域。

=<nowiki>= 互惠关系 =</nowiki>=

=互惠关系=

{{Main|Mutualism (biology)}}

{{Main|Mutualism (biology)}}

===无花果的生殖与无花果蜂===

===无花果的生殖与无花果蜂===

[[File:Ficus plant.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Common fig|fig]] exposing its many tiny matured, seed-bearing [[gynoecia]]. These are pollinated by the fig wasp, ''[[Blastophaga psenes]]''. In the cultivated fig, there are also asexual varieties.<ref name=Suleman/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Ficus_plant.jpg]]

[[File:Ficus plant.jpg|thumb|left|一颗[[Common fig|无花果树]] 露出它许多细小的结种成熟[[gynoecia|雌蕊群]]。它们被无花果蜂''[[Blastophaga psenes]]''.授粉，在 栽培的无花果树中也有无性 品种。<ref name=Suleman/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Ficus_plant.jpg]]

{{Main|Reproductive coevolution in Ficus}}

{{Main|Reproductive coevolution in Ficus}}

The genus ''[[Ficus]]'' is composed of 800 species of vines, shrubs, and trees, including the cultivated fig, defined by their [[syconium]]s, the fruit-like vessels that either hold female flowers or pollen on the inside. Each fig species has its own [[fig wasp]] which (in most cases) pollinates the fig, so a tight mutual dependence has evolved and persisted throughout the genus.<ref name=Suleman>{{cite journal |last1=Suleman |first1=Nazia |last2=Sait |first2=Steve |last3=Compton |first3=Stephen G. |title=Female figs as traps: Their impact on the dynamics of an experimental fig tree-pollinator-parasitoid community |journal=Acta Oecologica |volume=62 |year=2015 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.actao.2014.11.001 |bibcode=2015AcO....62....1S|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85568/7/Female%20plants%20as%20traps%20paper%20%283%29.pdf }}</ref>

The genus ''[[Ficus]]'' is composed of 800 species of vines, shrubs, and trees, including the cultivated fig, defined by their [[syconium]]s, the fruit-like vessels that either hold female flowers or pollen on the inside. Each fig species has its own [[fig wasp]] which (in most cases) pollinates the fig, so a tight mutual dependence has evolved and persisted throughout the genus.

 

The genus Ficus is composed of 800 species of vines, shrubs, and trees, including the cultivated fig, defined by their syconiums, the fruit-like vessels that either hold female flowers or pollen on the inside. Each fig species has its own fig wasp which (in most cases) pollinates the fig, so a tight mutual dependence has evolved and persisted throughout the genus.

The genus Ficus is composed of 800 species of vines, shrubs, and trees, including the cultivated fig, defined by their syconiums, the fruit-like vessels that either hold female flowers or pollen on the inside. Each fig species has its own fig wasp which (in most cases) pollinates the fig, so a tight mutual dependence has evolved and persisted throughout the genus.

榕属植物由800种藤本植物、灌木和乔木组成，其中包括栽培的无花果。每一种榕树都有自己的榕小蜂(在大多数情况下)为榕小蜂授粉，所以这个属中形成了一种紧密的相互依赖关系。

榕属植物由800种藤本植物、灌木和乔木组成，其中包括栽培的无花果。每一种榕树都有自己的榕小蜂(在大多数情况下)为榕小蜂授粉，所以这个属中形成了一种紧密的相互依赖关系。<ref name="Suleman">{{cite journal |last1=Suleman |first1=Nazia |last2=Sait |first2=Steve |last3=Compton |first3=Stephen G. |title=Female figs as traps: Their impact on the dynamics of an experimental fig tree-pollinator-parasitoid community |journal=Acta Oecologica |volume=62 |year=2015 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.actao.2014.11.001 |bibcode=2015AcO....62....1S|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85568/7/Female%20plants%20as%20traps%20paper%20%283%29.pdf }}</ref>

[[File:Ant - Pseudomyrmex species, on Bull Thorn Acacia (Acacia cornigera) with Beltian bodies, Caves Branch Jungle Lodge, Belmopan, Belize - 8505045055.jpg|thumb|right|''Pseudomyrmex'' ant on bull thorn acacia (''[[Vachellia cornigera]]'') with Beltian bodies that provide the ants with protein<ref name="Hölldobler-532"/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Ant_-_Pseudomyrmex_species,_on_Bull_Thorn_Acacia_(Acacia_cornigera)_with_Beltian_bodies,_Caves_Branch_Jungle_Lodge,_Belmopan,_Belize_-_8505045055.jpg]]

[[File:Ant - Pseudomyrmex species, on Bull Thorn Acacia (Acacia cornigera) with Beltian bodies, Caves Branch Jungle Lodge, Belmopan, Belize - 8505045055.jpg|thumb|right|''拟家蚁''和为其供给蛋白质的贝尔特体在牛角金合欢（''[[Vachellia cornigera]]''）上<ref name="Hölldobler-532"/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Ant_-_Pseudomyrmex_species,_on_Bull_Thorn_Acacia_(Acacia_cornigera)_with_Beltian_bodies,_Caves_Branch_Jungle_Lodge,_Belmopan,_Belize_-_8505045055.jpg]]

=== 相思树蚁与牛角相思树 ===  

=== 相思树蚁与牛角相思树 ===  

==捕食者和猎物==

==捕食者和猎物==

[[File:Leopard kill - KNP - 001.jpg|thumb|left|Predator and prey: a [[leopard]] killing a [[bushbuck]]|链接=Special:FilePath/Leopard_kill_-_KNP_-_001.jpg]]

[[File:Leopard kill - KNP - 001.jpg|thumb|left|捕食者和猎物：一只[[leopard|花豹]]在捕杀一只羚羊|链接=Special:FilePath/Leopard_kill_-_KNP_-_001.jpg]]

{{Main|Predation}}

{{Main|Predation}}

== Multispecies ==

== Multispecies ==

[[File:Amegilla cingulata on long tube of Acanthus ilicifolius flower.jpg|thumb|upright|长舌蜜蜂和长筒花朵成对或成组被称作集团的“广泛”地共同演化。<ref name=Juenger/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Amegilla_cingulata_on_long_tube_of_Acanthus_ilicifolius_flower.jpg]]

[[File:Amegilla cingulata on long tube of Acanthus ilicifolius flower.jpg|thumb|upright|长舌蜜蜂和长筒花朵成对或成组（集团）的“广泛”共同演化。<ref name=Juenger/>|链接=Special:FilePath/Amegilla_cingulata_on_long_tube_of_Acanthus_ilicifolius_flower.jpg]]

thumb|upright|Long-tongued bees and long-tubed flowers coevolved, whether pairwise or "diffusely" in groups known as guilds.

thumb|upright|Long-tongued bees and long-tubed flowers coevolved, whether pairwise or "diffusely" in groups known as guilds.

地理镶嵌理论已经通过广泛的数学模型、研究自然界中相互作用的物种，以及使用微生物物种和病毒的实验室实验得到探索。<ref name="Thompson, John N. 2005" /><ref name="Thompson, John N" />

地理镶嵌理论已经通过广泛的数学模型、研究自然界中相互作用的物种，以及使用微生物物种和病毒的实验室实验得到探索。<ref name="Thompson, John N. 2005" /><ref name="Thompson, John N" />

==Outside biology==

==在生物学之外==

Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but has been applied to other fields by analogy.

Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but has been applied to other fields by analogy.