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=== 自然和社会现象 ===
=== 自然和社会现象 ===
[[文件:蚊群-杨明哲-202409011.png|无框]][[文件:集智公众号图片 20240901071124.gif|无框|344x344像素]] [[文件:真实生物群落图片-计算力学词条 2024090612.jpg|替代=文件已更新，请各位审核|无框|238x238像素]]
[[文件:蚊群-杨明哲-202409011.png|无框]][[文件:集智公众号图片 20240901071124.gif|无框|344x344像素]] [[文件:真实生物群落图片-计算力学词条 2024090612.jpg|替代=文件已更新，请各位审核|无框|239x239px]]
[[复杂系统]]的涌现问题由来已久<ref name=":0">James P. Crutchfield, Karl Young. Inferring Statistical Complexity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, VOLUME 63, NUMBER 2. 10 JULY 1989</ref><ref name=":1">James P. Crutchfield. The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction. SFI 94-03-016. 1994</ref><ref name=":2">James E. Hanson, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics of Cellular Automata: An Example. SFI WORKING PAPER: 1995-10-095</ref><ref name=":3">Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics: Pattern and Prediction, Structure and Simplicity. February 1, 2008</ref>。鸟群以步调一致地形式飞行，鱼涌没有领头羊带着的情况下游动方式也能呈现为连贯的序列成组流转和突然以共同趋势转向。蚁群形成复杂的社会，生存继承自特异化的社会分工。几个世纪前，木星大气中五彩斑斓的混沌运动形成了被称之为“大红斑”的巨大漩涡，至少已存在二百到三百五十年，期间还在不断地改变颜色和形状。
[[复杂系统]]的涌现问题由来已久<ref name=":0">James P. Crutchfield, Karl Young. Inferring Statistical Complexity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, VOLUME 63, NUMBER 2. 10 JULY 1989</ref><ref name=":1">James P. Crutchfield. The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction. SFI 94-03-016. 1994</ref><ref name=":2">James E. Hanson, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics of Cellular Automata: An Example. SFI WORKING PAPER: 1995-10-095</ref><ref name=":3">Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics: Pattern and Prediction, Structure and Simplicity. February 1, 2008</ref>。鸟群以步调一致地形式飞行，鱼涌没有领头羊带着的情况下游动方式也能呈现为连贯的序列成组流转和突然以共同趋势转向。蚁群形成复杂的社会，生存继承自特异化的社会分工。几个世纪前，木星大气中五彩斑斓的混沌运动形成了被称之为“大红斑”的巨大漩涡，至少已存在二百到三百五十年，期间还在不断地改变颜色和形状。