− | [[复杂系统]]的涌现问题由来已久<ref name=":0">James P. Crutchfield, Karl Young. Inferring Statistical Complexity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, VOLUME 63, NUMBER 2. 10 JULY 1989</ref><ref name=":1">James P. Crutchfield. The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction. SFI 94-03-016. 1994</ref><ref name=":2">James E. Hanson, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics of Cellular Automata: An Example. SFI WORKING PAPER: 1995-10-095</ref><ref name=":3">Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics: Pattern and Prediction, Structure and Simplicity. February 1, 2008</ref>。鸟群以步调一致地形式飞行,鱼涌没有木头带领的情况下的游泳斑图也呈现出以连贯分组序列方式游动和以趋势共同的方式突然转向。蚁群形成复杂的社会,生存能力来自特异化的社会分工。几个世纪前,木星大气中五彩斑斓的混沌运动形成了被称之为“大红斑”的巨大漩涡,至少已存在二百到三百五十年,期间还在不断地改变颜色和形状。 | + | [[复杂系统]]的涌现问题由来已久<ref name=":0">James P. Crutchfield, Karl Young. Inferring Statistical Complexity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, VOLUME 63, NUMBER 2. 10 JULY 1989</ref><ref name=":1">James P. Crutchfield. The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction. SFI 94-03-016. 1994</ref><ref name=":2">James E. Hanson, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics of Cellular Automata: An Example. SFI WORKING PAPER: 1995-10-095</ref><ref name=":3">Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, James P. Crutchfield. Computational Mechanics: Pattern and Prediction, Structure and Simplicity. February 1, 2008</ref>。鸟群以步调一致地形式飞行。蚁群形成复杂的社会,产生特异化的社会分工。几个世纪前,木星大气中五彩斑斓的混沌运动形成了被称之为“大红斑”的巨大漩涡,至少已存在二百到三百五十年,期间还在不断地改变颜色和形状。 |