基于上述信道容量的概念,Erik Hoel<ref name=":11">Hoel E P, Albantakis L, Tononi G. Quantifying causal emergence shows that macro can beat micro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(49): 19790-19795.</ref>提出了离散马尔科夫动力学的有效信息度量 | 基于上述信道容量的概念,Erik Hoel<ref name=":11">Hoel E P, Albantakis L, Tononi G. Quantifying causal emergence shows that macro can beat micro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(49): 19790-19795.</ref>提出了离散马尔科夫动力学的有效信息度量 |