− | 萨迪·卡诺 Sadi Carnot,1796-1832 和鲁道夫·克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius,1822-1888 在19世纪发现了热力学第二定律。它指出:总的熵,有时被理解为无序,在一个孤立的系统中总会随着时间而增加。这意味着,如果没有外部联系降低系统中其他部位的'''有序 Order ''' 例如,通过消耗电池的低熵能量来扩散高熵热 ,那么系统无法自发地增加'''有序。<ref>[[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Carnot, S.]] (1824/1986). [http://www.worldcat.org/title/reflections-on-the-motive-power-of-fire-a-critical-edition-with-the-surviving-scientific-manuscripts-translated-and-edited-by-fox-robert/oclc/812944517&referer=brief_results ''Reflections on the motive power of fire''], Manchester University Press, Manchester UK, {{ISBN|0-7190-1741-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Clausius |first= R. |author1-link= Rudolf Clausius|title= Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten Lassen |journal= Annalen der Physik |year= 1850|volume= 79 |issue= 4 |pages= 368–97, 500–24 |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15164w/f518.image |doi= 10.1002/andp.18501550403 |bibcode = 1850AnP...155..500C |hdl= 2027/uc1.$b242250 |hdl-access= free }} Translated into English: {{cite journal|last= Clausius |first= R. |title= On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom|journal= London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date= July 1851 |volume= 2 |series= 4th |issue= VIII |pages= 1–21, 102–19 |url= https://archive.org/stream/londonedinburghd02lond#page/1/mode/1up|accessdate= 26 June 2012|doi= 10.1080/14786445108646819 }}</ref> | + | 萨迪·卡诺 Sadi Carnot,1796-1832 和鲁道夫·克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius,1822-1888 在19世纪发现了热力学第二定律。它指出:总的熵,有时被理解为无序,在一个孤立的系统中总会随着时间而增加。这意味着,如果没有外部联系降低系统中其他部位的'''有序 Order ''' 例如,通过消耗电池的低熵能量来扩散高熵热 ,那么系统无法自发地增加'''有序。<ref>Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Carnot, S. (1824/1986). [http://www.worldcat.org/title/reflections-on-the-motive-power-of-fire-a-critical-edition-with-the-surviving-scientific-manuscripts-translated-and-edited-by-fox-robert/oclc/812944517&referer=brief_results ''Reflections on the motive power of fire''], Manchester University Press, Manchester UK, {{ISBN|0-7190-1741-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Clausius |first= R. |author1-link= |title= Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten Lassen |journal= Annalen der Physik |year= 1850|volume= 79 |issue= 4 |pages= 368–97, 500–24 |url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15164w/f518.image |doi= 10.1002/andp.18501550403 |bibcode = 1850AnP...155..500C |hdl= 2027/uc1.$b242250 |hdl-access= free }} Translated into English: {{cite journal|last= Clausius |first= R. |title= On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom|journal= London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |date= July 1851 |volume= 2 |series= 4th |issue= VIII |pages= 1–21, 102–19 |url= https://archive.org/stream/londonedinburghd02lond#page/1/mode/1up|accessdate= 26 June 2012|doi= 10.1080/14786445108646819 }}</ref> |
| 在2008-2009年,'''引导式自组织 Guided self-organization '''的概念开始形成。这种方法旨在针对特定目的调整自组织,以便动态系统可以达到特定的吸引子或结果。这种调整通过限制系统组件之间的局部相互作用,而不是依靠一种明确的控制机制或全局设计蓝图,来限制复杂系统中的自组织过程。通过将任务无关的全局目标与任务相关的对局部相互作用的约束相结合,可以实现预期的结果,例如增加由此带来的内部结构和/或功能。<ref>Phys.org, [https://phys.org/news/2014-02-self-organizing-robots-robotic-crew-foreman.html Self-organizing robots: Robotic construction crew needs no foreman (w/ video)], February 13, 2014.</ref><ref>Science Daily, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151027123342.htm Robotic systems: How sensorimotor intelligence may develop... self-organized behaviors ], October 27, 2015.</ref> | | 在2008-2009年,'''引导式自组织 Guided self-organization '''的概念开始形成。这种方法旨在针对特定目的调整自组织,以便动态系统可以达到特定的吸引子或结果。这种调整通过限制系统组件之间的局部相互作用,而不是依靠一种明确的控制机制或全局设计蓝图,来限制复杂系统中的自组织过程。通过将任务无关的全局目标与任务相关的对局部相互作用的约束相结合,可以实现预期的结果,例如增加由此带来的内部结构和/或功能。<ref>Phys.org, [https://phys.org/news/2014-02-self-organizing-robots-robotic-crew-foreman.html Self-organizing robots: Robotic construction crew needs no foreman (w/ video)], February 13, 2014.</ref><ref>Science Daily, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151027123342.htm Robotic systems: How sensorimotor intelligence may develop... self-organized behaviors ], October 27, 2015.</ref> |