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第208行： − + − + − − − The professional title of “data scientist” has been attributed to [[DJ Patil]] and [[Jeff Hammerbacher]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Davenport|first=Thomas H.|url=https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century|title=Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century|date=2012-10-01|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=2020-04-03|last2=Patil|first2=D. J.|issue=October 2012|issn=0017-8012}}</ref> Though it was used by the [[National Science Board]] in their 2005 report, "Long-Lived Digital Data Collections: Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century," it referred broadly to any key role in managing a digital data collection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2005/nsb0540/|title=US NSF - NSB-05-40, Long-Lived Digital Data Collections Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> − − − − There is still no consensus on the definition of data science and it is considered by some to be a buzzword.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2013/08/19/data-science-whats-the-half-life-of-a-buzzword/|title=Data Science: What's The Half-Life Of A Buzzword?|last=Press|first=Gil|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> − − − − − − − − − + − 在2001年，威廉·克利夫兰（William S.Cleveland）在他的文章《数据科学：一个用来扩大统计学领域技术范畴的行动计划》将数据科学作为一门独立学科引入，扩大了统计学的领域并使之包含“数据计算的前沿”，这篇文章发表在2001年4月版的《国际统计评论》（''International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique''）的第69卷，第1篇上。 − <ref name="cleveland01"> − Cleveland, W. S. (2001). − [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/915c/d8e2b39eb02723553913d592b2237d4d9960.pdf Data science: an action plan for expanding the technical areas of the field of statistics]. − International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique, 21–26. − </ref> − 在他的报告中，他主张将统计学从理论扩展到技术领域; 因为这将大大改变这个领域，它需要一个新的名称。克利夫兰建立了他认为数据科学所关心的6个技术领域：多学科调查，数据模型和方法，数据计算，教学方法、工具评估及其理论。 − − − 在2002年4月，国际科学委员会(ICSU)：数据科学与技术分会(CODATA) − + − + − ，这是一份聚焦于诸如数据系统描述及其网络出版物、应用和法律问题的出版物 − <ref name="dsj02"> − Data Science Journal. (2002, April). − Contents of Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2002. − Retrieved from Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator, − Electronic: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/dsj/1/0/_contents − </ref> − 。之后不久，哥伦比亚大学在2003年1月开始出版数据科学期刊（''The Journal of Data Science''） − <ref name="jds03"> − The Journal of Data Science. (2003, January). − Contents of Volume 1, Issue 1, January 2003. − Retrieved from http://www.jds-online.com/v1-1 − </ref> − ，为所有数据工作者提供了发表意见和交流想法的平台。这份期刊衷心致力于统计学方法应用和定量研究。在2005年，美国国家科学委员会出版了“长期数字数据收集：赋能21世纪的研究和教育”这一内容，注明数据科学家为“信息和计算机科学家、数据库和软件程序员、学科专家、管理者和注解专家、图书管理员、档案保管员，以及其它对数字化数据收集的成功管理起到关键性作用的人。”他们的首要活动是“进行创造性探究与分析。” − <ref> − National Science Board. − [http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2005/nsb0540/ Long-Lived Digital Data Collections Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century] − . National Science Foundation − . Retrieved 30 June 2013. − </ref> − 在2007年左右，+ − − Citation needed − </ref> − 图灵奖得主[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gray_(computer_scientist) 吉姆·格雷]（Jim Gray）预见到使用大数据的分析计算作为主要科学方法的“数据驱动的科学”将成为科学的第四范式 − − <ref name="BellHey2009" /> − ，我们将迎来一个科学文献、科学数据全部链接且彼此运用的世界。 − − Markoff,John(2009-12-14). − [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/science/15books.html "Essays Inspired by Microsoft’s Jim Gray, Who Saw Science Paradigm Shift"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 2018-04-26. − + + + − 2008年，DJ 帕蒂尔 DJ Patil和杰夫哈默巴赫尔 Jeff Hammerbacher被授予“数据科学家”的职称。<ref> − {{Cite news|last=Davenport|first=Thomas H.|url=https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century|title=Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century|date=2012-10-01|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=2020-04-03|last2=Patil|first2=D. J.|issue=October 2012|issn=0017-8012}} − </ref>尽管美国国家科学委员会(National Science Board)在其2005年的报告《长期数字数据收集: 21世纪的研究和教育成果》(Long-Lived Digital Data Collections: Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century)中使用了这个词，但它泛指管理数字数据收集的任何关键角色。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2005/nsb0540/|title=US NSF - NSB-05-40, Long-Lived Digital Data Collections Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> + − 在2012年[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review 《哈佛商业评论》]的报道“数据科学家：21世纪最富有魅力的工作”中+ − <ref name="Harvard"> − {{Cite journal − |url=https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century/ − |title=Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century − |publisher=Harvard Business Review − |first=Thomas H. − |last=Davenport − |first2=DJ − |last2=Patil − |date=Oct 2012 − }}</ref> − ，[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Patil 帕蒂尔]（DJ Patil）声称其已于2008年和[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hammerbacher 杰弗·哈梅巴赫]（Jeff Hammerbacher）共同创造了这一术语，用以标注他们在领英和脸书上的职业信息。他断言数据科学家将是一种全新的职业类型，并且数据科学家的短缺正成为某些领域的严重掣肘，但同时也将其描述为一个更加商业化导向的角色。 − 2013年，IEEE数据科学和高等分析专门工作组+ − <ref>+ − [http://www.dsaa.co "IEEE Task Force on Data Science and Advanced Analytics"] − </ref> − 成立，同年第一届“欧洲数据分析大会(ECDA)”在卢森堡召开，会上成立了[http://euads.org/ 欧洲数据科学协会]（EuADS）。第一届国际会议——IEEE国际数据科学和高等分析会议也于2014年召开。 − <ref> − [http://datamining.it.uts.edu.au/conferences/dsaa14/ "2014 IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics"] − </ref> − 同年，编程训练营始祖[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_(school) General Assembly]开启了学生付费培训，[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Data_Incubator 数据孵化器公司]成立了一个富有竞争力的自由数据科学团体。 − <ref> − [https://venturebeat.com/2014/04/15/ny-gets-new-bootcamp-for-data-scientists-its-free-but-harder-to-get-into-than-harvard/ "NY gets new bootcamp for data scientists: It’s free, but harder to get into than Harvard "]. − ''Venture Beat'' Retrieved 2016-02-22. − </ref> − 也是在2014年，[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Statistical_Association 美国统计协会]的统计学习和数据挖掘部门将其期刊更名为“统计分析与数据挖掘：ASA数据科学期刊”，并在2016年将其部门更名为“统计学习与数据科学”。 第329行：
第250行： − 2015年，Springer创办国际数据科学与分析杂志 − <ref> − [https://www.springer.com/41060 "Journal on Data Science and Analytics"] − </ref> − ，用来出版有关数据科学和大数据分析方面的原创性工作。2015年9月，[http://www.gfkl.org/welcome/ GfKI]在英国克彻斯特的[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Essex 埃塞克斯大学]举办的第三届ECDA大会上增设“数据科学社团”。
→Modern usage
=== Modern usage ===
=== Modern usage ===
现代用法
'''现代用法'''
The modern conception of data science as an independent discipline is sometimes attributed to [[William S. Cleveland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stat.purdue.edu/~wsc/|title=William S Cleveland|last=Gupta|first=Shanti|date=December 11, 2015|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=April 2, 2020}}</ref> In a 2001 paper, he advocated an expansion of statistics beyond theory into technical areas; because this would significantly change the field, it warranted a new name.<ref name=":1" /> "Data science" became more widely used in the next few years: in 2002, the [[Committee on Data for Science and Technology]] launched ''Data Science Journal.'' In 2003, Columbia University launched ''The Journal of Data Science''.<ref name=":1" /> In 2014, the [[American Statistical Association]]'s Section on Statistical Learning and Data Mining changed its name to the Section on Statistical Learning and Data Science, reflecting the ascendant popularity of data science.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Talley|first=Jill|url=https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2016/06/01/datascience-2/|title=ASA Expands Scope, Outreach to Foster Growth, Collaboration in Data Science|date=June 1, 2016|work=Amstat News|access-date=|url-status=live|publisher=American Statistical Association}}</ref>
The modern conception of data science as an independent discipline is sometimes attributed to [[William S. Cleveland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stat.purdue.edu/~wsc/|title=William S Cleveland|last=Gupta|first=Shanti|date=December 11, 2015|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=April 2, 2020}}</ref> In a 2001 paper, he advocated an expansion of statistics beyond theory into technical areas; because this would significantly change the field, it warranted a new name.<ref name=":1" /> "Data science" became more widely used in the next few years: in 2002, the [[Committee on Data for Science and Technology]] launched ''Data Science Journal.'' In 2003, Columbia University launched ''The Journal of Data Science''.<ref name=":1" /> In 2014, the [[American Statistical Association]]'s Section on Statistical Learning and Data Mining changed its name to the Section on Statistical Learning and Data Science, reflecting the ascendant popularity of data science.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Talley|first=Jill|url=https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2016/06/01/datascience-2/|title=ASA Expands Scope, Outreach to Foster Growth, Collaboration in Data Science|date=June 1, 2016|work=Amstat News|access-date=|url-status=live|publisher=American Statistical Association}}</ref>
数据科学作为一门独立学科的现代概念，一定程度上归功于威廉 · s · 克利夫兰（William S. Cleveland）。<ref>
数据科学作为一门独立学科的现代概念，一定程度上归功于威廉 · s · 克利夫兰 William S. Cleveland。<ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.stat.purdue.edu/~wsc/|title=William S Cleveland|last=Gupta|first=Shanti|date=December 11, 2015|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=April 2, 2020}}
{{Cite web|url=https://www.stat.purdue.edu/~wsc/|title=William S Cleveland|last=Gupta|first=Shanti|date=December 11, 2015|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=April 2, 2020}}
</ref>
</ref> 在2001年的一篇论文中，他主张将统计学从理论扩展到技术领域；由于这将大大改变这个领域，因此它需要一个新的名称。在接下来的几年里，“数据科学”的应用更加广泛：2002年，数据科学与技术分会(CODATA)
<ref name="ics12">
<ref name="ics12">
International Council for Science : Committee on Data for Science and Technology. (2012, April).
International Council for Science : Committee on Data for Science and Technology. (2012, April).
CODATA, The Committee on Data for Science and Technology. Retrieved from International Council for Science : Committee on Data for Science and Technology: http://www.codata.org/
CODATA, The Committee on Data for Science and Technology. Retrieved from International Council for Science : Committee on Data for Science and Technology: http://www.codata.org/
</ref>
</ref>
创办了数据科学期刊（''Data Science Journal''）
创办了数据科学期刊（''Data Science Journal''）。
<ref name="dsj12">
<ref name="dsj12">
Data Science Journal. (2012, April).
Data Science Journal. (2012, April).
Available Volumes.
Available Volumes.
Retrieved from Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator, Electronic: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/dsj/_vols
Retrieved from Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator, Electronic: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/dsj/_vols
</ref>
</ref>2014年，美国统计协会统计学习与数据挖掘部更名为统计学习与数据科学部，这反映了数据科学的日益普及。
The professional title of “data scientist” has been attributed to [[DJ Patil]] and [[Jeff Hammerbacher]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Davenport|first=Thomas H.|url=https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century|title=Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century|date=2012-10-01|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=2020-04-03|last2=Patil|first2=D. J.|issue=October 2012|issn=0017-8012}}</ref> Though it was used by the [[National Science Board]] in their 2005 report, "Long-Lived Digital Data Collections: Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century," it referred broadly to any key role in managing a digital data collection.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2005/nsb0540/|title=US NSF - NSB-05-40, Long-Lived Digital Data Collections Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref>
<ref>
<ref name="TansleyTolle2009" />
<ref>
</ref>
2008年，DJ Patil和Jeff Hammerbacher提出了“数据科学家”这个职称名词。<ref>
{{Cite news|last=Davenport|first=Thomas H.|url=https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century|title=Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century|date=2012-10-01|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=2020-04-03|last2=Patil|first2=D. J.|issue=October 2012|issn=0017-8012}}
</ref>尽管美国国家科学委员会(National Science Board)在其2005年的报告《长期数字数据收集: 促进21世纪的研究和教育》(Long-Lived Digital Data Collections: Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century)中使用了这个词，但它泛指在数字化数据收集管理中起关键性作用的人。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2005/nsb0540/|title=US NSF - NSB-05-40, Long-Lived Digital Data Collections Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref>
There is still no consensus on the definition of data science and it is considered by some to be a buzzword.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2013/08/19/data-science-whats-the-half-life-of-a-buzzword/|title=Data Science: What's The Half-Life Of A Buzzword?|last=Press|first=Gil|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref>
对于数据科学的定义还没有达成共识，有些人认为这是一个时髦的词。
帕蒂尔]（DJ Patil）声称其已于2008年和[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hammerbacher 杰弗·哈梅巴赫]（Jeff Hammerbacher）共同创造了这一术语
统计学习和数据挖掘部门将其期刊更名为“统计分析与数据挖掘：ASA数据科学期刊”，并在2016年将其部门更名为“统计学习与数据科学”。
<ref name="ASA">
<ref name="ASA">
Talley,Jill(2016-06-01)
Talley,Jill(2016-06-01)