协同学

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Synergetics is an interdisciplinary science explaining the formation and self-organization of patterns and structures in open systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium. It is founded by Hermann Haken, inspired by the laser theory. Haken's interpretation of the laser principles as self-organization of non-equilibrium systems paved the way at the end of the 1960s to the development of synergetics. One of his successful popular books is Erfolgsgeheimnisse der Natur, translated into English as The Science of Structure: Synergetics.

协同学是一门跨学科的科学，以远离热力学平衡态的开放系统中斑图及结构的自组织及其形成为研究对象。由赫尔曼 · 哈肯受激光理论的启发而创立。哈肯将激光原理解释为非平衡系统的自我组织，为协同学在20世纪60年代末的发展铺平了道路。他最成功的畅销书之一是《自然的成功》 ，英文译名为《结构科学: 协同学》。

协同学（希腊语：“一起工作”）是由Hermann Haken于1969年发起的跨学科研究领域（另见Haken和Graham 1971）。协同学涉及物质或非物质系统，通常由许多单独的部分组成（Haken 2004，另见协同学中的Springer系列，约80卷）。它把注意力集中在自发的，即自组织的新质量的出现上，这些新质量可能是结构，过程或功能。 Synergetics处理的基本问题是：是否有一般的自组织原则，而与系统各个部分的性质无关？尽管各个部分的种类繁多，可能是原子，分子，神经元（神经细胞），甚至是社会中的个体，但只要关注于以下大类系统，就可以肯定地回答这个问题。宏观尺度上的质变。在此，“宏观尺度”是指与元素的时空尺度相比较大的时空尺度。 “一起工作”可能发生在系统的各个部分之间，系统之间甚至科学学科之间。协同学的特征是实验与理论之间的强烈相互作用。

协同学的数学框架

解法

Self-organization requires a 'macroscopic' system, consisting of many nonlinearly interacting subsystems. Depending on the external control parameters (environment, energy-fluxes) self-organization takes place.

许多非线性相互作用的子系统构成的“宏观”系统是自组织的前提条件。自组织基于外参量（环境、能量通量）而发生。

有序参量概念

Essential in synergetics is the order-parameter concept which was originally introduced in the Ginzburg–Landau theory in order to describe phase-transitions in thermodynamics. The order parameter concept is generalized by Haken to the "enslaving-principle" saying that the dynamics of fast-relaxing (stable) modes is completely determined by the 'slow' dynamics of as a rule only a few 'order-parameters' (unstable modes). The order parameters can be interpreted as the amplitudes of the unstable modes determining the macroscopic pattern.

有序参量的概念是协同学的核心。这个概念最初是在Ginzburg-Landau理论中为了描述热力学中相变而引入的。哈肯将序参量概念概括为“奴役原理”，即快速释放(稳定)模态的动力学完全被由少数“有序参量”（不稳定模态）构成的“慢”动力学所决定。可以把有序参量理解为决定宏观斑图的不稳定模态振幅。

As a consequence, self-organization means an enormous reduction of degrees of freedom (entropy) of the system which macroscopically reveals an increase of 'order' (pattern-formation). This far-reaching macroscopic order is independent of the details of the microscopic interactions of the subsystems. This supposedly explains the self-organization of patterns in so many different systems in physics, chemistry and biology.

因此，自我组织意味着系统自由度（物理和化学）(熵)的显著减少，宏观上表现为“秩序”(斑图形成)的增加。这种广泛的宏观秩序独立于子系统之间微观相互作用细节。这可能解释了物理、化学和生物学方面许多不同系统中斑图的自组织现象。

"[...] the statistical properties of laser light change qualitatively at the laser threshold. Below laser threshold noise increases more and more while above threshold it decreases again. [...] Below laser threshold, light consists of individual wave tracks which are emitted from the individual atoms independently of each other. Above laser threshold, a practically infinitely long wave track is produced. In order to make contact with other processes of self-organization let us interpret the processes in a lamp or in a laser by means of Bohr's model of the atom. A lamp produces its light in such a way that the excited electrons of the atoms make their transitions from the outer orbit to the inner orbit entirely independently of each other. On the other hand, the properties of laser light can be understood only if we assume that the transitions of the individual electrons occur in a correlated fashion. [...] Above laser threshold the coherent field grows more and more and it can slave the degrees of freedom of the dipole moments and of the inversion. Within synergetics it has turned out that is a quite typical equation describing effects of self-organization. [...] This equation tells us that the amplitude of the dipoles, which is proportional to A, is instantaneously given by the field amplitude B(t) (and by the fluctuating force). This is probably the simplest example of a principle which has turned out to be of fundamental importance in synergetics and which is called the slaving principle." (Light: Waves, Photons, and Atoms , vol. 2; Laser light dynamics - chapter 13)

“[ ... ]激光的统计学属性在激光阈值临界发生质的变化。当低于阈值时则噪音越来越大，高于阈值则噪音越来越小。[ ... ... ]低于阈值时，光由单个原子独立发射出的单个波迹组成。高于阈值时，实际上产生了无限长的波迹。为了与自组织的其他过程进行联系，我们用玻尔的原子模型来理解电灯或激光中所发生的过程。电灯的发光方式是使原子的受激电子完全独立地从外层轨道跃迁到内层轨道。我们只有假设独立电子的跃迁以关联方式发生，才能理解激光的属性。[ ... ]高于激光阈值时，相干场越来越大以至把偶极矩和反演的自由度限制住。在协同学中，结果这只是一个描述自我组织效应的非常典型的方程。这个方程揭示了与A成正比的偶极子振幅是由电场振幅 B(t)(和波动力)即时给出的。这恐怕是协同学原理的最简单例子，且后来人们认识到该原理也是协同学最根本性重要的原理，我们称之为奴役原理”(光: 波，光子和原子，卷2; 激光光动力学-第13章)

参见

• Effective field theory

• 约西亚·威拉德·吉布斯 Josiah Willard Gibbs

• Phase rule

• Free energy principle

• Fokker–Planck equation

• Ginzburg–Landau theory

• Alexander Bogdanov

参考资料

• H. Haken: "Synergetics, an Introduction: Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions and Self-Organization in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology", 3rd rev. enl. ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983.

• H. Haken: Advanced Synergetics: Instability Hierarchies of Self-Organizing Systems and Devices. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

• H. Haken: Synergetik. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1982,

  
  

  • H. Haken: Light: Waves, Photons, and Atoms,North Holland, Amsterdam, 1981

  
  

  • R. Graham, A. Wunderlin (Hrsg.): Lasers and Synergetics. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1987,

    
    

    • A. S. Mikhailov: Foundations of Synergetics I. Distributed active systems (2nd rev. ed. 1994). Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990,
      .

      
      

      • A. S. Mikhailov, A. Yu. Loskutov: Foundations of Synergetics II. Chaos and Noise, 2nd revised and enlarged edition, Springer Series in Synergetics. Springer, Berlin — Heidelberg 1996 (erste Auflage 1991),
        .

        
        

        • Norbert Niemeier "Organisatorischer Wandel aus der Sicht der Synergetik"; Deutscher Universitätsverlag, Wiesbaden, 2000,

          
          

          • D.S. Chernavskii: "Синергетика и информация: Динамическая теория информации", 2-е изд. М.: УРСС.

            外部链接

            • Homepage of the former Institute for Theoretical Physics and Synergetics (IFTPUS)

            
            模板:控制论

            
            es:Sinergia

            
            

            This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Synergetics (Haken). Its edit history can be viewed at 协同学/edithistory