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复杂适应系统 (查看源代码)

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复杂系统的一些最重要的特征是:

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* The number of elements is sufficiently large that conventional descriptions (e.g. a system of [[differential equation]]s) are not only impractical, but cease to assist in understanding the system. Moreover, the elements interact dynamically, and the interactions can be physical or involve the exchange of information

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* '''Path dependent:''' Systems tend to be sensitive to their initial conditions. The same force might affect systems differently.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>

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* '''路径依赖（Path dependent）'''：系统状态对初始条件敏感，相同的力在不同初始条件下可能会对系统产生不同的影响；

* '''Systems have a history:''' The future behavior of a system depends on its initial starting point and subsequent history.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boal | first1 = K. B. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = P. L. | year = 2007 | title = Storytelling, time, and evolution: The role of strategic leadership in complex adaptive systems | url = | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 18 | issue = 4| pages = 411–428 | doi = 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.008 }}</ref>

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* '''系统具有历史记录（Systems have a history）'''：系统的未来行为取决于其初始状态和后续历史记录；

* '''Non-linearity:''' React disproportionately to environmental perturbations. Outcomes differ from those of simple systems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luoma | first1 = M | year = 2006 | title = A play of four arenas - How complexity can serve management development | url = | journal = Management Learning | volume = 37 | issue = | pages = 101–123 | doi = 10.1177/1350507606058136 }}</ref>

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* '''非线性（Non-linearity）'''：对环境扰动的反应过大，结果与简单系统的结果不同；

* '''Emergence:''' Each system's internal dynamics affect its ability to change in a manner that might be quite different from other systems.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>

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* '''涌现（Emergence）'''：每个系统内部动态影响其状态改变和改变能力的方式，可能与其他系统完全不同；

* '''Irreducible:''' Irreversible process transformations cannot be reduced back to its original state.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>

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* '''不可还原（Irreducible）''' ：其过程转换是不可逆的，无法还原到其原始状态；

* '''Adaptive/Adaptability:''' Systems that are simultaneously ordered and disordered are more adaptable and resilient.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>

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* '''适应性/适应性（Adaptive/Adaptability）'''：同时有序和无序的系统更具适应性和弹性；

* '''Operates between order and chaos:''' Adaptive tension emerges from the energy differential between the system and its environment.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>

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* '''在有序和无序之间运行（Operates between order and chaos）'''：自适应张力是由系统与其所处环境之间的能量差产生的；

* '''Self-organizing:''' Systems are composed of interdependency, interactions of its parts, and diversity in the system. <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>

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* '''自组织（Self-organizing）''' ：系统由相互依赖、相互作用的组件以及系统的多样性组成。

== Modeling and simulation ==

Yillia Jing

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