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The historical origin of the second law of thermodynamics was in Carnot's principle. It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium. The Carnot engine is an idealized device of special interest to engineers who are concerned with the efficiency of heat engines. Carnot's principle was recognized by Carnot at a time when the caloric theory of heat was seriously considered, before the recognition of the first law of thermodynamics, and before the mathematical expression of the concept of entropy. Interpreted in the light of the first law, it is physically equivalent to the second law of thermodynamics, and remains valid today. Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics. Some samples from his book are:

The historical origin of the second law of thermodynamics was in Carnot's principle. It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium. The Carnot engine is an idealized device of special interest to engineers who are concerned with the efficiency of heat engines. Carnot's principle was recognized by Carnot at a time when the caloric theory of heat was seriously considered, before the recognition of the first law of thermodynamics, and before the mathematical expression of the concept of entropy. Interpreted in the light of the first law, it is physically equivalent to the second law of thermodynamics, and remains valid today. Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics. Some samples from his book are:

热力学第二定律的历史起源源于卡诺的原则。它指的是一个卡诺热机周期，虚拟地以被称为准静态的极慢极限模式运行，因此热量和功量在子系统之间传递，这些子系统始终处于它们自己的内部热力学平衡状态。卡诺发动机是热机效率工程师特别感兴趣的理想设备。卡诺认识到卡诺原理的时候，正是热量热理论被认真考虑的时候，正是能量守恒定律理论被认识之前，正是熵概念的数学表达之前。根据第一定律的解释，它在物理上等同于热力学第二定律，并且在今天仍然有效。卡诺最初的论点是从卡路里理论的观点提出的，直到能量守恒定律的发现。以下是他书中的一些例子:

热力学第二定律的历史起源源于卡诺原理。不可逆热机的效率总是低于在同样两个热源间工作的可逆热机的效率，在两个热源间工作的一切可逆热机都具有相同的效率。它指的是一个卡诺热机周期，虚拟地以被称为准静态的极慢极限模式运行，因此热量和功量在子系统之间传递，这些子系统始终处于它们自己的内部热力学平衡状态。卡诺发动机是热机效率工程师特别感兴趣的理想设备。卡诺认识到卡诺原理的时候，正是热量热理论被认真考虑的时候，正是能量守恒定律理论被认识之前，正是熵概念的数学表达之前。根据第一定律的解释，它在物理上等同于热力学第二定律，并且在今天仍然有效。卡诺最初的论点是从卡路里理论的观点提出的，直到能量守恒定律的发现。以下是他书中的一些例子:

  --[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]（[[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]]）存疑

  --[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]（[[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]]）存疑

==Corollaries 推论==

==Corollaries 推论==