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A hierarchy (from the Greek ἱεραρχία hierarkhia, "rule of a high priest", from hierarkhes, "president of sacred rites") is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another. Hierarchy is an important concept in a wide variety of fields, such as philosophy, mathematics, computer science, organizational theory, systems theory, and the social sciences (especially political philosophy).
A hierarchy (from the Greek ἱεραρχία hierarkhia, "rule of a high priest", from hierarkhes, "president of sacred rites") is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another. Hierarchy is an important concept in a wide variety of fields, such as philosophy, mathematics, computer science, organizational theory, systems theory, and the social sciences (especially political philosophy).
“层次 hierarchy”从古希腊语 ἱεραρχία hierarkhia“大祭司的统治”和hierarkhes“神圣仪式的主持”而来，表示相互之间“之上”“之下”或“同级”关系。在哲学、数学、计算机科学、系统论和社会科学（尤其是政治哲学）中，层次都是很重要的概念。
A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally. The only direct links in a hierarchy, insofar as they are hierarchical, are to one's immediate superior or to one of one's subordinates, although a system that is largely hierarchical can also incorporate alternative hierarchies. Hierarchical links can extend "vertically" upwards or downwards via multiple links in the same direction, following a path. All parts of the hierarchy that are not linked vertically to one another nevertheless can be "horizontally" linked through a path by traveling up the hierarchy to find a common direct or indirect superior, and then down again. This is akin to two co-workers or colleagues; each reports to a common superior, but they have the same relative amount of authority. Organizational forms exist that are both alternative and complementary to hierarchy. Heterarchy is one such form.
A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally. The only direct links in a hierarchy, insofar as they are hierarchical, are to one's immediate superior or to one of one's subordinates, although a system that is largely hierarchical can also incorporate alternative hierarchies. Hierarchical links can extend "vertically" upwards or downwards via multiple links in the same direction, following a path. All parts of the hierarchy that are not linked vertically to one another nevertheless can be "horizontally" linked through a path by traveling up the hierarchy to find a common direct or indirect superior, and then down again. This is akin to two co-workers or colleagues; each reports to a common superior, but they have the same relative amount of authority. Organizational forms exist that are both alternative and complementary to hierarchy. Heterarchy is one such form.
层次结构可直接或间接地、竖向或对角地连接实体。尽管一个大体上是层次结构的系统也可合并替代层次，层次结构中唯一的直接关系就是其直接上级或直接下级关系。层次联系可通过同向的多个联系汇成的路径向上或向下发展。层次结构中所有没有垂直相连的部分都可以通过水平路径（向上找到共同直接或间接上级再向下）相连。就像两个同事、同僚向共同上级汇报，但他们各自都有同等的相对权限。组织形式的存在对层次既是替代也是补充。异质结构也是这样一种形式。
Hierarchies have their own special vocabulary. These terms are easiest to understand when a hierarchy is diagrammed (see below).
Hierarchies have their own special vocabulary. These terms are easiest to understand when a hierarchy is diagrammed (see below).
层次有其特殊词汇，在层次图解（见下）中这些术语较易理解。
In an organizational context, the following terms are often used related to hierarchies:
In an organizational context, the following terms are often used related to hierarchies:
在组织性的语境下，以下术语经常用于层次性:
* '''[[Non-physical entity|Object]]''': one entity (e.g., a person, department or [[concept]] or element of arrangement or member of a set)
* '''[[Non-physical entity|Object]]''': one entity (e.g., a person, department or [[concept]] or element of arrangement or member of a set)
In a mathematical context (in graph theory), the general terminology used is different.
In a mathematical context (in graph theory), the general terminology used is different.
在数学语境下（图论）所用的一般术语则不同。
Most hierarchies use a more specific vocabulary pertaining to their subject, but the idea behind them is the same. For example, with data structures, objects are known as nodes, superiors are called parents and subordinates are called children. In a business setting, a superior is a supervisor/boss and a peer is a colleague.
Most hierarchies use a more specific vocabulary pertaining to their subject, but the idea behind them is the same. For example, with data structures, objects are known as nodes, superiors are called parents and subordinates are called children. In a business setting, a superior is a supervisor/boss and a peer is a colleague.
大多数层次结构按其主体不同而适用更具体的词汇，但其背后的理念是相同的。例如，在数据结构中，对象成为节点，上级称为父级，下级成为子级。在商业环境中，上级是主管/老板，同级即同事。