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The climate system is characterized by strong positive and negative feedback loops between processes that affect the state of the atmosphere, ocean, and land. A simple example is the [[Ice-albedo feedback|ice-albedo positive feedback]] loop whereby melting snow exposes more dark ground (of lower [[albedo]]), which in turn absorbs heat and causes more snow to melt.
The climate system is characterized by strong positive and negative feedback loops between processes that affect the state of the atmosphere, ocean, and land. A simple example is the [[Ice-albedo feedback|ice-albedo positive feedback]] loop whereby melting snow exposes more dark ground (of lower [[albedo]]), which in turn absorbs heat and causes more snow to melt.
气候系统的特点是，影响大气、海洋和陆地状态的过程之间存在着强烈的正负反馈回路。一个简单的例子是[[冰-反照率反馈|冰-反照率正反馈]]循环，融化的雪暴露出更多的黑暗地面([[反照率]]较低)，这反过来又吸收热量并导致更多的雪融化。
Feedback loops provide generic mechanisms for controlling the running, maintenance, and evolution of software and computing systems. Feedback-loops are important models in the engineering of adaptive software, as they define the behaviour of the interactions among the control elements over the adaptation process, to guarantee system properties at run-time. Feedback loops and foundations of control theory have been successfully applied to computing systems. In particular, they have been applied to the development of products such as IBM's Universal Database server and IBM Tivoli. From a software perspective, the autonomic (MAPE, monitor analyze plan execute) loop proposed by researchers of IBM is another valuable contribution to the application of feedback loops to the control of dynamic properties and the design and evolution of autonomic software systems.
Feedback loops provide generic mechanisms for controlling the running, maintenance, and evolution of software and computing systems. Feedback-loops are important models in the engineering of adaptive software, as they define the behaviour of the interactions among the control elements over the adaptation process, to guarantee system properties at run-time. Feedback loops and foundations of control theory have been successfully applied to computing systems. In particular, they have been applied to the development of products such as IBM's Universal Database server and IBM Tivoli. From a software perspective, the autonomic (MAPE, monitor analyze plan execute) loop proposed by researchers of IBM is another valuable contribution to the application of feedback loops to the control of dynamic properties and the design and evolution of autonomic software systems.
反馈回路为控制软件和计算系统的运行、维护和进化提供了通用机制。反馈回路是自适应软件工程中的重要模型，它定义了自适应过程中控制元件之间相互作用的行为，以保证系统在运行时的性能。反馈环路和控制理论的基础已成功地应用于计算系统。特别是，它们已经应用于产品的开发，如 IBM 的 Universal Database server 和 IBM Tivoli。从软件的角度来看，IBM 研究人员提出的自主(MAPE，monitor analyze plan execute)回路是对反馈回路应用于动态特性控制和自主软件系统设计与演化的又一宝贵贡献。
反馈回路为控制软件和计算系统的运行、维护和进化提供了通用机制。反馈回路是自适应软件工程中的重要模型，它定义了自适应过程中控制元件之间相互作用的行为，以保证系统在运行时的性能。反馈环路和控制理论的基础已成功地应用于计算系统。特别是，它们已经应用于产品的开发，如 IBM 的 Universal Database server 和 IBM Tivoli。从软件的角度来看，IBM 研究人员提出的自主(MAPE，monitor analyze plan execute)回路是对反馈回路应用于动态特性控制和自主软件系统设计与演化的又一宝贵贡献。
===Control theory===
===Control theory===