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→Geology books, barnacles, evolutionary research
[[文件:Darwins Thinking Path.jpg|缩略图|右|达尔文Down House的“沙丘”是他经常行走的“思考之道”。]]
[[文件:Darwins Thinking Path.jpg|缩略图|右|达尔文Down House的“沙丘”是他经常行走的“思考之道”。]]
By July, Darwin had expanded his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results if he died prematurely.<ref>{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2007|p= 188}}</ref> In November, the anonymously published sensational best-seller ''[[Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation]]'' brought wide interest in transmutation. Darwin scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but carefully reviewed his own arguments. Controversy erupted, and it continued to sell well despite contemptuous dismissal by scientists.<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=461–465}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-814.html#back-mark-814.f5|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 814 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (7 Jan 1845)|accessdate=24 November 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205084645/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-814.html#back-mark-814.f5|archivedate=5 December 2008}}</ref>
By July, Darwin had expanded his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results if he died prematurely.[113] In November, the anonymously published sensational best-seller Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation brought wide interest in transmutation. Darwin scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but carefully reviewed his own arguments. Controversy erupted, and it continued to sell well despite contemptuous dismissal by scientists.
到七月，达尔文将他的“草图”扩大到了230页的“随笔”，如果他过早去世，他的研究成果将会被进一步扩展（这句话没看懂逻辑）。十一月，匿名出版的畅销书《自然创造史的遗迹Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation》引起了人们对演变的广泛兴趣。达尔文蔑视其业余地质学和动物学说，但他也仔细审查了自己的论点。后来争议爆发了，尽管科学家轻蔑地驳回了争议，但这本书仍然畅销。
Darwin completed his third geological book in 1846. He now renewed a fascination and expertise in [[marine invertebrates]], dating back to his student days with [[Robert Edmond Grant|Grant]], by dissecting and classifying the [[barnacle]]s he had collected on the voyage, enjoying observing beautiful structures and thinking about comparisons with allied structures.<ref>{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2007|pp=190–191}}</ref> In 1847, Hooker read the "Essay" and sent notes that provided Darwin with the calm critical feedback that he needed, but would not commit himself and questioned Darwin's opposition to continuing acts of [[creation myth|creation]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 320–323, 339–348}}</ref>
Darwin completed his third geological book in 1846. He now renewed a fascination and expertise in marine invertebrates, dating back to his student days with Grant, by dissecting and classifying the barnacles he had collected on the voyage, enjoying observing beautiful structures and thinking about comparisons with allied structures.[116] In 1847, Hooker read the "Essay" and sent notes that provided Darwin with the calm critical feedback that he needed, but would not commit himself and questioned Darwin's opposition to continuing acts of creation.
后来，达尔文于1846年完成了他的第三本地质著作。因他在格兰特的学生时代对海洋无脊椎动物的专业知识，现在又重新着迷。他通过解剖和分类他在航行中收集的藤壶，观察其内部迷人的结构，开始思考和比较相关同类物种结构。1847年，胡克阅读了达尔文的随笔，并给达尔文表达了他对此的反馈，其观点相对冷静且带有批判性，但的确是达尔文当下需要的。胡可并没有承诺，和质疑达尔文对继续创造行为的反对。
In an attempt to improve his chronic ill health, Darwin went in 1849 to Dr. [[James Manby Gully|James Gully]]'s [[Great Malvern|Malvern]] spa and was surprised to find some benefit from [[hydrotherapy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1236.html|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1236 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 28 Mar 1849|accessdate=24 November 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207005457/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1236.html|archivedate=7 December 2008}}</ref> Then, in 1851, his treasured daughter [[Anne Darwin|Annie]] fell ill, reawakening his fears that his illness might be hereditary, and after a long series of crises she died.<ref>{{harvnb|Browne|1995|pp=498–501}}</ref>
In an attempt to improve his chronic ill health, Darwin went in 1849 to Dr. James Gully's Malvern spa and was surprised to find some benefit from hydrotherapy.[118] Then, in 1851, his treasured daughter Annie fell ill, reawakening his fears that his illness might be hereditary, and after a long series of crises she died.
为了改善自己的慢性病，达尔文在1849年去了詹姆斯·古利James Gully医生的莫尔文水疗中心，并惊讶地发现水疗可以带来一些好处。然后，在1851年，他珍爱的女儿安妮Annie生病，重新唤醒了他对自己的病可能是遗传性疾病的恐惧，在经历了一系列病痛后，安妮去世了。
In eight years of work on [[barnacle]]s (Cirripedia), Darwin's theory helped him to find "[[homology (biology)|homologies]]" showing that slightly changed body parts served different functions to meet new conditions, and in some [[genus|genera]] he found minute males [[parasitism|parasitic]] on [[hermaphrodite]]s, showing an [[Androdioecy|intermediate stage]] in evolution of [[Gonochorism|distinct sexes]].<ref name=barlowbio117>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=121 117–118]}}</ref> In 1853, it earned him the [[Royal Society]]'s Royal Medal, and it made his reputation as a [[biology|biologist]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 383–387}}</ref> In 1854 he became a Fellow of the [[Linnean Society of London]], gaining postal access to its library.<ref>{{harvnb|Freeman|2007|pp=107, 109}}</ref> He began a major reassessment of his theory of species, and in November realised that divergence in the character of descendants could be explained by them becoming adapted to "diversified places in the economy of nature".<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 419–420}}</ref>
In eight years of work on barnacles (Cirripedia), Darwin's theory helped him to find "homologies" showing that slightly changed body parts served different functions to meet new conditions, and in some genera he found minute males parasitic on hermaphrodites, showing an intermediate stage in evolution of distinct sexes.[120] In 1853, it earned him the Royal Society's Royal Medal, and it made his reputation as a biologist.[121] In 1854 he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, gaining postal access to its library.[122] He began a major reassessment of his theory of species, and in November realised that divergence in the character of descendants could be explained by them becoming adapted to "diversified places in the economy of nature".
在藤壶Cirripedia的八年研究中，达尔文的理论帮助他找到了“同源性Homologies”，即轻微地改变某些身体部位构造，以具有能适应新环境的不同功能，在某些生物属中，他发现雌雄同体上寄生有微小的雄性生物，这表明存在不同性别进化的中间阶段。1853年，该研究为他赢得了英国皇家学会的皇家勋章，并因此赢得了生物学家的声誉。1854年，他成为伦敦林奈学会Linnean Society的会员，并获得了其图书馆的邮政访问权。他开始重新评估他的物种理论，并在接下来的11月，意识到后代的性格差异可以通过他们适应“自然经济中的多元化环境”来解释。
===Publication of the theory of natural selection===
===Publication of the theory of natural selection===