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→Publication of the theory of natural selection 自然选择理论的公布
在藤壶Cirripedia的八年研究中，达尔文的理论帮助他找到了“同源性Homologies”，即轻微地改变某些身体部位构造，以具有能适应新环境的不同功能，在某些生物属中，他发现雌雄同体上寄生有微小的雄性生物，这表明存在不同性别进化的中间阶段。1853年，该研究为他赢得了英国皇家学会的皇家勋章，并因此赢得了生物学家的声誉。1854年，他成为伦敦林奈学会Linnean Society的会员，并获得了其图书馆的邮政访问权。他开始重新评估他的物种理论，并在接下来的11月，意识到后代的性格差异可以通过他们适应“自然经济中的多元化环境”来解释。
在藤壶Cirripedia的八年研究中，达尔文的理论帮助他找到了“同源性Homologies”，即轻微地改变某些身体部位构造，以具有能适应新环境的不同功能，在某些生物属中，他发现雌雄同体上寄生有微小的雄性生物，这表明存在不同性别进化的中间阶段。1853年，该研究为他赢得了英国皇家学会的皇家勋章，并因此赢得了生物学家的声誉。1854年，他成为伦敦林奈学会Linnean Society的会员，并获得了其图书馆的邮政访问权。他开始重新评估他的物种理论，并在接下来的11月，意识到后代的性格差异可以通过他们适应“自然经济中的多元化环境”来解释。
=== Publication of the theory of natural selection 自然选择理论的公布 ===
=== Publication of the theory of natural selection 自然选择理论的公开发表 ===
{{details|Publication of Darwin's theory}}
{{details|Publication of Darwin's theory}}
By the start of 1856, Darwin was investigating whether eggs and seeds could survive travel across seawater to spread species across oceans. Hooker increasingly doubted the traditional view that species were fixed, but their young friend Thomas Henry Huxley was still firmly against the transmutation of species. Lyell was intrigued by Darwin's speculations without realising their extent. When he read a paper by Alfred Russel Wallace, "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species", he saw similarities with Darwin's thoughts and urged him to publish to establish precedence. Though Darwin saw no threat, on 14 May 1856 he began writing a short paper. Finding answers to difficult questions held him up repeatedly, and he expanded his plans to a "big book on species" titled Natural Selection, which was to include his "note on Man". He continued his researches, obtaining information and specimens from naturalists worldwide including Wallace who was working in Borneo. In mid-1857 he added a section heading; "Theory applied to Races of Man", but did not add text on this topic. On 5 September 1857, Darwin sent the American botanist Asa Gray a detailed outline of his ideas, including an abstract of Natural Selection, which omitted human origins and sexual selection. In December, Darwin received a letter from Wallace asking if the book would examine human origins. He responded that he would avoid that subject, "so surrounded with prejudices", while encouraging Wallace's theorising and adding that "I go much further than you."
By the start of 1856, Darwin was investigating whether eggs and seeds could survive travel across seawater to spread species across oceans. Hooker increasingly doubted the traditional view that species were fixed, but their young friend Thomas Henry Huxley was still firmly against the transmutation of species. Lyell was intrigued by Darwin's speculations without realising their extent. When he read a paper by Alfred Russel Wallace, "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species", he saw similarities with Darwin's thoughts and urged him to publish to establish precedence. Though Darwin saw no threat, on 14 May 1856 he began writing a short paper. Finding answers to difficult questions held him up repeatedly, and he expanded his plans to a "big book on species" titled Natural Selection, which was to include his "note on Man". He continued his researches, obtaining information and specimens from naturalists worldwide including Wallace who was working in Borneo. In mid-1857 he added a section heading; "Theory applied to Races of Man", but did not add text on this topic. On 5 September 1857, Darwin sent the American botanist Asa Gray a detailed outline of his ideas, including an abstract of Natural Selection, which omitted human origins and sexual selection. In December, Darwin received a letter from Wallace asking if the book would examine human origins. He responded that he would avoid that subject, "so surrounded with prejudices", while encouraging Wallace's theorising and adding that "I go much further than you."
到1856年初，达尔文一直在研究卵和种子能够成功地跨越海水将物种传播到另一个大陆。胡克也越来越对传统观点，即物种是恒定不变的，产生怀疑。但是他们的年轻朋友托马斯·亨利·赫黎Thomas Henry Huxley仍然坚决反对物种的演变说。莱文对达尔文的猜测很感兴趣，但却没有意识到其影响。当他阅读到阿尔弗雷德·罗素·华莱士Alfred Russel Wallace的论文《论规范新物种介绍的法则》时，他看到了与达尔文思想的相似之处，并敦促他发表文章以确立优先地位。尽管达尔文没有看到任何威胁，但他于1856年5月14日开始写一篇简短的论文。寻找能解决困难问题的答案使他反复受挫，他将计划扩展到一本名为《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 自然选择Natural Selection </font>'''》的“物种全科书”，其中包括他“关于人类的笔记”。他继续他的研究，从全球博物学家那里（包括在婆罗洲工作的华莱士）获得信息和标本。1857年，他添加了一个小节标题；“人类种族理论”，不过他并没有添加相关主题的文字。同年9月5日，达尔文向美国植物学家阿萨·格雷Asa Gray发送了他详细的想法概述，包括《自然选择》一书的摘要，其中省略了人类起源和性选择。12月，达尔文收到了华莱士的来信，询问这本书是否会研究人类起源。他回答说，他会避免那个“充满偏见”的话题，同时达尔文鼓励华莱士的理论，并补充说“我比你走得更远。”
到1856年初，达尔文一直在研究卵和种子能够成功地跨越海水将物种传播到另一个大陆。胡克也越来越对传统观点，即物种是恒定不变的，产生怀疑。但是他们的年轻朋友托马斯·亨利·赫黎Thomas Henry Huxley仍然坚决反对物种的演变说。莱文对达尔文的猜测很感兴趣，但却没有意识到其影响。当他阅读到阿尔弗雷德·罗素·华莱士Alfred Russel Wallace的论文《论规范新物种介绍的法则》时，他看到了与达尔文思想的相似之处，并敦促他发表文章以确立优先地位。尽管达尔文没有看到任何威胁，但他于1856年5月14日开始写一篇简短的论文。寻找能解决困难问题的答案使他反复受挫，他将计划扩展到一本名为《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 自然选择Natural Selection </font>'''》的“物种全科书”，其中包括他“关于人类的笔记”。他继续他的研究，从全球博物学家那里（包括在婆罗洲工作的华莱士）获得信息和标本。1857年，他添加了一个小节标题；“人类种族理论”，不过他并没有添加相关主题的文字。同年9月5日，达尔文向美国植物学家阿萨·格雷Asa Gray发送了他详细的想法概述，包括《自然选择》一书的摘要，其中省略了人类起源和性别选择。12月，达尔文收到了华莱士的来信，询问这本书是否会研究人类起源。他回答说，他会避免那个“充满偏见”的话题，同时达尔文鼓励华莱士的理论，并补充说“我比你走得更远。”
Darwin's book was only partly written when, on 18 June 1858, he received a paper from Wallace describing natural selection. Shocked that he had been "forestalled", Darwin sent it on that day to Lyell, as requested by Wallace,[126][127] and although Wallace had not asked for publication, Darwin suggested he would send it to any journal that Wallace chose. His family was in crisis with children in the village dying of scarlet fever, and he put matters in the hands of his friends. After some discussion, with no reliable way of involving Wallace, Lyell and Hooker decided on a joint presentation at the Linnean Society on 1 July of On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. On the evening of 28 June, Darwin's baby son died of scarlet fever after almost a week of severe illness, and he was too distraught to attend.
Darwin's book was only partly written when, on 18 June 1858, he received a paper from Wallace describing natural selection. Shocked that he had been "forestalled", Darwin sent it on that day to Lyell, as requested by Wallace,[126][127] and although Wallace had not asked for publication, Darwin suggested he would send it to any journal that Wallace chose. His family was in crisis with children in the village dying of scarlet fever, and he put matters in the hands of his friends. After some discussion, with no reliable way of involving Wallace, Lyell and Hooker decided on a joint presentation at the Linnean Society on 1 July of On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. On the evening of 28 June, Darwin's baby son died of scarlet fever after almost a week of severe illness, and he was too distraught to attend.
1858年6月18日达尔文收到了华莱士的一篇关于自然选择的论文，当时他的论文才完成了部分。达尔文感到非常震惊，华莱士竟然领先了一步。不过达尔文当天应华莱士的要求将其发送给了莱尔，尽管华莱士没有要求出版，但达尔文建议莱尔将其发送给华莱士选择的任何期刊。他的家人后来因村庄里的孩子死于猩红热而陷入危机，因此他把事情交到了朋友手中。经过一番讨论，莱尔和胡克找不到可靠的方法让华莱士参与进来，他们决定于7月1日在林内学会上联合发表《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 关于物种形成变种的趋势；以及通过自然选择方式使变种和物种永存On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection </font>'''》。6月28日晚上，达尔文的小儿子在经历了近一个星期的严重疾病后死于猩红热，此时达尔文心急如焚，无心参加发表会。
On the Origin of Species proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859.[132] In the book, Darwin set out "one long argument" of detailed observations, inferences and consideration of anticipated objections.[133] In making the case for common descent, he included evidence of homologies between humans and other mammals.[134][III] Having outlined sexual selection, he hinted that it could explain differences between human races.[135][IV] He avoided explicit discussion of human origins, but implied the significance of his work with the sentence; "Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history."[136][IV] His theory is simply stated in the introduction:
On the Origin of Species proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859.[132] In the book, Darwin set out "one long argument" of detailed observations, inferences and consideration of anticipated objections.[133] In making the case for common descent, he included evidence of homologies between humans and other mammals.[134][III] Having outlined sexual selection, he hinted that it could explain differences between human races.[135][IV] He avoided explicit discussion of human origins, but implied the significance of his work with the sentence; "Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history."[136][IV] His theory is simply stated in the introduction:
当时《物种起源》出人意料地受到欢迎，当它在1859年11月22日出售给书商时，其全部1,250册的库存都被超额认购。在书中，达尔文阐述了“一个长期论点”，表达了其详细的观察，推断和对预期异议的考虑。在为共同祖先这一概念辩护时，他提供了人类与其他哺乳动物之间同源性的证据。在概述了性选择之后，他暗示这可以解释人类之间的差异。他避免了对人类起源的明确讨论，但用句子暗示了他工作的重要性。“光将照耀着人类的起源及其历史。”引言中他简单地陈述了其理论：
当时《物种起源》出人意料地受到欢迎，当它在1859年11月22日出售给书商时，其全部1,250册的库存都被超额认购。在书中，达尔文阐述了“一个长期论点”，表达了其详细的观察，推断和对预期异议的考虑。在为共同祖先这一概念辩护时，他提供了人类与其他哺乳动物之间同源性的证据。在概述了性选择之后，他暗示这可以解释人类之间的差异。他避免了对人类起源的明确讨论，但用句子隐晦地表达了他工作的重要性。“光将照耀着人类的起源及其历史。”引言中他简单地陈述了其理论：
在该书的前五个版本中，最后一个词“进化evolved”是唯一修改过的。当时的“进化论”与其他概念有关，最常见的是与胚胎学发展有关，达尔文于1871年在《人类的由来The Descent of Man》中首次使用了进化一词，随后于1872年将其加入《物种起源》的第六版。
在该书的前五个版本中，最后一个词“进化evolved”是唯一修改过的。当时的“进化论”与其他概念有关，最常见的是与胚胎学发展有关，达尔文于1871年在《人类的由来The Descent of Man》中首次使用了进化一词，随后于1872年将其加入《物种起源》的第六版。
=== Responses to publication 《物种起源》的反响===
=== Responses to publication 《物种起源》的反响===