更改

后来《物种起源》被翻译成了多种语言，成为一种非常重要的科学读物，引起了各行各业的关注，包括当时涌向赫胥黎演讲的“劳动者”。达尔文的理论在当时也引起了各种运动的共鸣，并成为流行文化的重要组成部分<ref name=":110" />。漫画家们通过夸张地演绎古老的动物祖先，以展示人类也具有动物的特征。在英国，这些滑稽的图像以一种毫无威胁的方式推广了达尔文的理论。在1862年生病期间，达尔文开始留胡子。1866年当他重新露面时，他的猿猴漫画帮助了他将达尔文主义所有形式的进化论定义出来。<ref name="b373" />

后来《物种起源》被翻译成了多种语言，成为一种非常重要的科学读物，引起了各行各业的关注，包括当时涌向赫胥黎演讲的“劳动者”。达尔文的理论在当时也引起了各种运动的共鸣，并成为流行文化的重要组成部分<ref name=":110" />。漫画家们通过夸张地演绎古老的动物祖先，以展示人类也具有动物的特征。在英国，这些滑稽的图像以一种毫无威胁的方式推广了达尔文的理论。在1862年生病期间，达尔文开始留胡子。1866年当他重新露面时，他的猿猴漫画帮助了他将达尔文主义所有形式的进化论定义出来。<ref name="b373" />

=== ''Descent of Man'', sexual selection, and botany 人类的由来，性别选择和植物学 ===

=== 人类的由来，性别选择和植物学 ===

Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work continued. Having published ''On the Origin of Species'' as an [[abstract (summary)|abstract]] of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his "big book". He covered [[human evolution|human descent]] from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in [[wildlife]] and diversifying into innovative plant studies.

Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work continued. Having published ''On the Origin of Species'' as an [[abstract (summary)|abstract]] of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his "big book". He covered [[human evolution|human descent]] from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in [[wildlife]] and diversifying into innovative plant studies.

Enquiries about insect [[pollination]] led in 1861 to novel studies of wild [[orchid]]s, showing adaptation of their flowers to [[Pollination syndrome|attract specific moths]] to each species and ensure [[heterosis|cross fertilisation]]. In 1862 ''[[Fertilisation of Orchids]]'' gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of [[vine|climbing plants]].<ref>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2008b|pp=50–55}}</ref> Admiring visitors included [[Ernst Haeckel]], a zealous proponent of ''Darwinismus'' incorporating [[Lamarckism]] and [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]'s idealism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest |title=The correspondence of Charles Darwin, volume 14: 1866 |accessdate=6 March 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605110511/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-14 |archivedate=5 June 2010  }} Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref> Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Spiritualism]].<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1999}}.</ref>

Enquiries about insect [[pollination]] led in 1861 to novel studies of wild [[orchid]]s, showing adaptation of their flowers to [[Pollination syndrome|attract specific moths]] to each species and ensure [[heterosis|cross fertilisation]]. In 1862 ''[[Fertilisation of Orchids]]'' gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of [[vine|climbing plants]].<ref name=":111">{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2008b|pp=50–55}}</ref> Admiring visitors included [[Ernst Haeckel]], a zealous proponent of ''Darwinismus'' incorporating [[Lamarckism]] and [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]'s idealism.<ref name=":112">{{cite web |url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest |title=The correspondence of Charles Darwin, volume 14: 1866 |accessdate=6 March 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605110511/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-14 |archivedate=5 June 2010  }} Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 25 June 2012</ref> Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Spiritualism]].<ref name=":113">{{harvnb|Smith|1999}}.</ref>

Enquiries about insect pollination led in 1861 to novel studies of wild orchids, showing adaptation of their flowers to attract specific moths to each species and ensure cross fertilisation. In 1862 Fertilisation of Orchids gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants.[158] Admiring visitors included Ernst Haeckel, a zealous proponent of Darwinismus incorporating Lamarckism and Goethe's idealism.[159] Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism.

他对昆虫授粉的研究推动了1861年对野生兰花进行的全新研究，结果表明它们的花体中同样具有适应性，花吸引特定的飞蛾进入每个物种并确保杂交。1862年，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 兰花的传粉Fertilisation of Orchids </font>'''》首次详细展示了自然选择的力量，书中解释了复杂的生态关系，并提供可验证的预测。随着健康状况的下降，达尔文躺在房间里的病床上，房间里充满了许多创造性的实验，追踪攀援植物的运动轨迹<ref name=":111" />。拜访者包括恩斯特·海克尔Ernst Haeckel，他是达尔文主义的热心拥护者，融合了拉马克主义和歌德的理想主义<ref name=":112" />。尽管他越来越转向唯心论，华莱士仍然选择支持他。<ref name=":113" />

Darwin's book ''[[The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication]]'' (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of [[pangenesis]] attempting to explain [[heredity]]. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.<ref>{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A1&pageseq=123 122]}}</ref>

Darwin's book ''[[The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication]]'' (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of [[pangenesis]] attempting to explain [[heredity]]. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.<ref name=":114">{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A1&pageseq=123 122]}}</ref>

Darwin's book The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.

达尔文的著作《动物和植物在家养下的变异The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication》（1868年）是他计划中的“全科书”的第一部分，包括他试图解释遗传，但是未能成功的提出一个合理的假说。“全科书”的规模很大，一开始就卖得很快，并被翻译成多种语言。之后他写的第二部分则大部分是关于自然选择的，但最终未能出版。<ref name=":114" />

[[Charles Lyell|Lyell]] had already popularised human prehistory, and [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]] had shown that anatomically humans are apes.<ref name=B217 /> With ''The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex'' published in 1871, Darwin set out evidence from numerous sources that humans are animals, showing continuity of physical and mental attributes, and presented [[sexual selection]] to explain impractical animal features such as the [[peacock]]'s plumage as well as human evolution of culture, differences between sexes, and physical and cultural [[Race (human categorization)|racial classification]], while emphasising that humans are all one species.<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1871|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.2&pageseq=402 385–405]}}<br />{{Harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=339–343}}</ref> His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]'', one of the first books to feature printed photographs, which discussed the [[evolutionary psychology|evolution of human psychology]] and its continuity with the [[ethology|behaviour of animals]]. Both books proved very popular, and Darwin was impressed by the general assent with which his views had been received, remarking that "everybody is talking about it without being shocked."<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=359–369}}<br />{{harvnb|Darwin|1887|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1452.3&pageseq=145 133]}}</ref> His conclusion was "that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system—with all these exalted powers—Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin."<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1871|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F937.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=422 405]}}</ref>

[[Charles Lyell|Lyell]] had already popularised human prehistory, and [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]] had shown that anatomically humans are apes.<ref name=B217 /> With ''The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex'' published in 1871, Darwin set out evidence from numerous sources that humans are animals, showing continuity of physical and mental attributes, and presented [[sexual selection]] to explain impractical animal features such as the [[peacock]]'s plumage as well as human evolution of culture, differences between sexes, and physical and cultural [[Race (human categorization)|racial classification]], while emphasising that humans are all one species.<ref name=":115">{{Harvnb|Darwin|1871|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.2&pageseq=402 385–405]}}<br />{{Harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=339–343}}</ref> His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]'', one of the first books to feature printed photographs, which discussed the [[evolutionary psychology|evolution of human psychology]] and its continuity with the [[ethology|behaviour of animals]]. Both books proved very popular, and Darwin was impressed by the general assent with which his views had been received, remarking that "everybody is talking about it without being shocked."<ref name=":116">{{Harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=359–369}}<br />{{harvnb|Darwin|1887|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1452.3&pageseq=145 133]}}</ref> His conclusion was "that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system—with all these exalted powers—Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin."<ref name=":117">{{Harvnb|Darwin|1871|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F937.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=422 405]}}</ref>

Lyell had already popularised human prehistory, and Huxley had shown that anatomically humans are apes.[153] With The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex published in 1871, Darwin set out evidence from numerous sources that humans are animals, showing continuity of physical and mental attributes, and presented sexual selection to explain impractical animal features such as the peacock's plumage as well as human evolution of culture, differences between sexes, and physical and cultural racial classification, while emphasising that humans are all one species.[162] His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, one of the first books to feature printed photographs, which discussed the evolution of human psychology and its continuity with the behaviour of animals. Both books proved very popular, and Darwin was impressed by the general assent with which his views had been received, remarking that "everybody is talking about it without being shocked."[163] His conclusion was "that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system—with all these exalted powers—Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin."

莱尔普及了人类史，赫胥黎则从解剖学上证明了人类是猿。达尔文在1871年出版的《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 人类的由来及性选择The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex </font>'''》一书中，收集了大量证据来证明人类是动物 <ref name="B217" />-- 无论是生理上还是心理上的进化的连续性。并提出可以用性选择来解释无法说通的动物特征区别，例如孔雀的羽毛以及人类的文化演变，性别差异以及生理和文化种族的分类，同时他还强调所有人类都源于一个物种<ref name=":115" />。他的影像研究在1872年出版的《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 人与动物的情感表达The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals </font>'''》一书中得到了扩展，这是最早印有印刷照片的书籍之一，该书讨论了人类心理的演变及其与动物行为的连续性。这两本书都非常受欢迎，达尔文因此特别感动，因为他的观点得到普遍认可，特别是“每个人都在谈论它，并不会感到震惊”<ref name=":116" />。他总结道“他具有所有的高尚品格，充满同情心（即使是对最低贱的生物），他的仁爱不仅适用于他人，也适用于最卑微的生灵，他的神性智慧已经渗透到行动中。太阳系的构成（包括所有这些崇高的力量），都使人类在肉体中烙印上他出身低微且不可磨灭的印记。”<ref name=":117" />

His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on Orchids, ''[[Insectivorous Plants (book)|Insectivorous Plants]], [[The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom]]'', different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and ''[[The Power of Movement in Plants]]''. He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific correspondents all over the world, including [[Mary Treat]], whom he encouraged to persevere in her scientific work.<ref>[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/darwins-women Darwin's Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212213901/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/darwins-women |date=12 February 2020 }} at [[Cambridge University]]</ref> His botanical work{{Ref label|I|IX|none}} was interpreted and popularised by various writers including [[Grant Allen]] and [[H. G. Wells]], and [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=10359900&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0007087416000352 helped transform plant science] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In his last book he returned to ''[[The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms]]''.

His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on Orchids, ''[[Insectivorous Plants (book)|Insectivorous Plants]], [[The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom]]'', different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and ''[[The Power of Movement in Plants]]''. He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific correspondents all over the world, including [[Mary Treat]], whom he encouraged to persevere in her scientific work.<ref name=":118">[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/darwins-women Darwin's Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212213901/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/darwins-women |date=12 February 2020 }} at [[Cambridge University]]</ref> His botanical work{{Ref label|I|IX|none}} was interpreted and popularised by various writers including [[Grant Allen]] and [[H. G. Wells]], and [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=10359900&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0007087416000352 helped transform plant science] in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In his last book he returned to ''[[The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms]]''.

His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on Orchids, Insectivorous Plants, The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom, different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and The Power of Movement in Plants. He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific correspondents all over the world, including Mary Treat, whom he encouraged to persevere in her scientific work.[165] His botanical work[IX] was interpreted and popularised by various writers including Grant Allen and H. G. Wells, and helped transform plant science in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In his last book he returned to The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.

达尔文依据这些与进化有关的实验研究还撰写出关于兰花的书籍，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 食虫植物Insectivorous Plants </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 异花授精与自体授精在植物界中的效果The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 同种植物的不同花型The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 植物运动的力量The Power of Movement in Plants </font>'''》。他继续从全世界的科学记者那里收集信息并交流观点，像是玛丽·特里特Mary Treat，达尔文曾鼓励她坚持不懈地从事科学工作<ref name=":118" />。达尔文的植物学著作后来还得到了格兰特·艾伦Grant Allen和H·G·威尔斯H. G. Wells等众多作家的诠释和推广，并在19世纪后期和20世纪初推动了植物科学的发展。最后，他完成了《腐植土的产生与蚯蚓的作用》。

达尔文依据这些与进化有关的实验研究还撰写出关于兰花的书籍，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 食虫植物Insectivorous Plants </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 异花授精与自体授精在植物界中的效果The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 同种植物的不同花型The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 植物运动的力量The Power of Movement in Plants </font>'''》。他继续从全世界的科学记者那里收集信息并交流观点，像是玛丽·特里特Mary Treat，达尔文曾鼓励她坚持不懈地从事科学工作。达尔文的植物学著作后来还得到了格兰特·艾伦Grant Allen和H·G·威尔斯H. G. Wells等众多作家的诠释和推广，并在19世纪后期和20世纪初推动了植物科学的发展。最后，他完成了《腐植土的产生与蚯蚓的作用》。

=== 逝世及葬礼 ===

 

=== Death and funeral 逝世及葬礼 ===

{{See also|Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms}}

{{See also|Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms}}

  |isbn      = 978-0-8130-3231-3

  |isbn      = 978-0-8130-3231-3

  }}</ref> It has been speculated that Darwin may have suffered from chronic [[Chagas disease]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Clayton|first=Julie|date=24 June 2010|title=Chagas disease 101|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=465|issue=n7301_supp|pages=S4–S5|doi=10.1038/nature09220|pmid=20571553|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2010Natur.465S...3C|s2cid=205221512}}</ref> This speculation is based on a journal entry written by Darwin, describing he was bitten by the "[[Triatominae|Kissing Bug]]" in Mendoza, Argentina, in 1835;<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://dna.kdna.ucla.edu/parasite_course-old/cruzi_files/subchapters/case_of_charles_darwin.htm|title=The Case of Charles Darwin|website=dna.kdna.ucla.edu|access-date=27 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713034201/http://dna.kdna.ucla.edu/parasite_course-old/cruzi_files/subchapters/case_of_charles_darwin.htm|archivedate=13 July 2017}}</ref> and based on the constellation of clinical symptoms he exhibited, including cardiac disease which is a hallmark of chronic Chagas disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=R E|date=July 1984|title=Darwin's illness: Chagas' disease resurgens.|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=77|issue=7|pages=608–609|issn=0141-0768|pmc=1439957|pmid=6431091|url-status=live|doi=10.1177/014107688407700715}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Exhuming Darwin's body is likely necessary to definitively determine his state of infection by detecting DNA of infecting parasite, ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi|T. cruzi]]'', that causes Chagas disease.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

  }}</ref> It has been speculated that Darwin may have suffered from chronic [[Chagas disease]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Clayton|first=Julie|date=24 June 2010|title=Chagas disease 101|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=465|issue=n7301_supp|pages=S4–S5|doi=10.1038/nature09220|pmid=20571553|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2010Natur.465S...3C|s2cid=205221512}}</ref> This speculation is based on a journal entry written by Darwin, describing he was bitten by the "[[Triatominae|Kissing Bug]]" in Mendoza, Argentina, in 1835;<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://dna.kdna.ucla.edu/parasite_course-old/cruzi_files/subchapters/case_of_charles_darwin.htm|title=The Case of Charles Darwin|website=dna.kdna.ucla.edu|access-date=27 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713034201/http://dna.kdna.ucla.edu/parasite_course-old/cruzi_files/subchapters/case_of_charles_darwin.htm|archivedate=13 July 2017}}</ref> and based on the constellation of clinical symptoms he exhibited, including cardiac disease which is a hallmark of chronic Chagas disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=R E|date=July 1984|title=Darwin's illness: Chagas' disease resurgens.|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=77|issue=7|pages=608–609|issn=0141-0768|pmc=1439957|pmid=6431091|url-status=live|doi=10.1177/014107688407700715}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Exhuming Darwin's body is likely necessary to definitively determine his state of infection by detecting DNA of infecting parasite, ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi|T. cruzi]]'', that causes Chagas disease.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

1882年，达尔文被诊断出患有“心绞痛”，即冠状动脉血栓和心脏疾病。在他去世时，医生诊断为“心绞痛”和“心脏衰竭”。据推测，达尔文可能患有慢性锥虫病。这种猜测基于达尔文写的日记，他曾描述过1835年在阿根廷门多萨被“猎蝽”咬伤；同时也可以根据他表现出的临床症状来推断，例如心脏病就是一种慢性锥虫病的症状。当然如有必要可以挖掘出达尔文的尸体，通过检测一种可以导致锥虫病克氏锥虫的寄生虫的DNA来确定其是否被感染。

1882年，达尔文被诊断出患有“心绞痛”，即冠状动脉血栓和心脏疾病。在他去世时，医生诊断为“心绞痛”和“心脏衰竭”。据推测，达尔文可能患有慢性锥虫病。这种猜测基于达尔文写的日记，他曾描述过1835年在阿根廷门多萨被“猎蝽”咬伤；同时也可以根据他表现出的临床症状来推断，例如心脏病就是一种慢性锥虫病的症状。当然如有必要可以挖掘出达尔文的尸体，通过检测一种可以导致锥虫病克氏锥虫的寄生虫的DNA来确定其是否被感染。

He died at [[Down House]] on 19 April 1882. His last words were to his family, telling Emma "I am not the least afraid of death—Remember what a good wife you have been to me—Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me", then while she rested, he repeatedly told Henrietta and Francis "It's almost worth while to be sick to be nursed by you".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR210.9&pageseq=16|title=[Reminiscences of Charles Darwin's last years.] CUL-DAR210.9|author=Darwin, Emma|authorlink=Emma Darwin|year=1882|accessdate=8 January 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628080442/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR210.9&pageseq=16|archivedate=28 June 2009}}</ref> He had expected to be buried in St Mary's churchyard at [[Downe]], but at the request of Darwin's colleagues, after public and parliamentary petitioning, [[William Spottiswoode]] (President of the Royal Society) arranged for Darwin to be honoured by [[Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey|burial in Westminster Abbey]], close to [[John Herschel]] and [[Isaac Newton]]. The funeral was held on Wednesday 26 April and was attended by thousands of people, including family, friends, scientists, philosophers and dignitaries.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=664–677}}</ref><ref name="Westminster Abbey CD">{{cite web | title=Westminster Abbey » Charles Darwin | website=Westminster Abbey » Home | date=2 January 2016 | url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/charles-darwin | accessdate=2 January 2016 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200905/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/charles-darwin | archivedate=4 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}<br />{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html Darwin's Burial]}}</ref>

He died at [[Down House]] on 19 April 1882. His last words were to his family, telling Emma "I am not the least afraid of death—Remember what a good wife you have been to me—Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me", then while she rested, he repeatedly told Henrietta and Francis "It's almost worth while to be sick to be nursed by you".<ref name=":119">{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR210.9&pageseq=16|title=[Reminiscences of Charles Darwin's last years.] CUL-DAR210.9|author=Darwin, Emma|authorlink=Emma Darwin|year=1882|accessdate=8 January 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628080442/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR210.9&pageseq=16|archivedate=28 June 2009}}</ref> He had expected to be buried in St Mary's churchyard at [[Downe]], but at the request of Darwin's colleagues, after public and parliamentary petitioning, [[William Spottiswoode]] (President of the Royal Society) arranged for Darwin to be honoured by [[Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey|burial in Westminster Abbey]], close to [[John Herschel]] and [[Isaac Newton]]. The funeral was held on Wednesday 26 April and was attended by thousands of people, including family, friends, scientists, philosophers and dignitaries.<ref name=":120">{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=664–677}}</ref><ref name="Westminster Abbey CD">{{cite web | title=Westminster Abbey » Charles Darwin | website=Westminster Abbey » Home | date=2 January 2016 | url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/charles-darwin | accessdate=2 January 2016 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200905/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/charles-darwin | archivedate=4 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}<br />{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html Darwin's Burial]}}</ref>

 

达尔文于1882年4月19日在Down House逝世。在他遗言中，他对艾玛说道：“我一点也不害怕死亡。记住对我来说你是个好妻子，告诉我所有的孩子，记住他们对我有多好”。在她休息的时候，他反复告诉亨利埃塔和弗朗西斯：“我由你来照顾是多么的值得”。他原本希望被葬在郡达温的圣玛丽墓地，但由于达尔文的同事请求，和议会通过的公开请愿，由威廉·斯波提斯伍德William Spottiswoode（皇家学会主席）安排了为他威斯敏斯特大教堂进行葬礼，那里靠近约翰·赫歇尔和艾萨克·牛顿。他的葬礼于4月26日星期三举行，有成千上万的人参加，包括家人，朋友，科学家，哲学家和政要。

达尔文于1882年4月19日在Down House逝世。在他遗言中，他对艾玛说道：“我一点也不害怕死亡。记住对我来说你是个好妻子，告诉我所有的孩子，记住他们对我有多好”。在她休息的时候，他反复告诉亨利埃塔和弗朗西斯：“我由你来照顾是多么的值得”。<ref name=":119" />他原本希望被葬在郡达温的圣玛丽墓地，但由于达尔文的同事请求，和议会通过的公开请愿，由威廉·斯波提斯伍德William Spottiswoode（皇家学会主席）安排了为他威斯敏斯特大教堂进行葬礼，那里靠近约翰·赫歇尔和艾萨克·牛顿。他的葬礼于4月26日星期三举行，有成千上万的人参加，包括家人，朋友，科学家，哲学家和政要。<ref name=":120" /><ref name="Westminster Abbey CD" />

== Legacy 学术遗产 ==

== 学术遗产 ==

[[文件:Charles Robert Darwin by John Collier.jpg|缩略图|右|达尔文是一位杰出的学者，1881年，他仍在致力于他对进化思想的贡献，这对许多科学领域都产生了巨大影响。此肖像是约翰•科利尔John Collier为伦敦国家肖像画廊所作的副本。]]

[[文件:Charles Robert Darwin by John Collier.jpg|缩略图|右|达尔文是一位杰出的学者，1881年，他仍在致力于他对进化思想的贡献，这对许多科学领域都产生了巨大影响。此肖像是约翰•科利尔John Collier为伦敦国家肖像画廊所作的副本。]]

By the time of his death, Darwin and his colleagues had convinced most scientists that [[evolution]] as descent with modification was correct, and he was regarded as a great scientist who had revolutionised ideas. In June 1909, though few at that time agreed with his view that "natural selection has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification", he was honoured by more than 400 officials and scientists from across the world who met in [[Cambridge]] to [[Darwin Day|commemorate his centenary]] and the fiftieth anniversary of ''On the Origin of Species''.<ref name=b222>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003|pp=222–225}}<br />{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2008}}<br />{{harvnb|Darwin|1872|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F391&pageseq=449 421]}}</ref> Around the beginning of the 20th century, a period that has been called "[[the eclipse of Darwinism]]", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms, which eventually proved untenable. [[Ronald Fisher]], an English [[statistics|statistician]], finally united [[Mendelian genetics]] with natural selection, in the period between 1918 and his 1930 book ''[[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]''.<ref>[http://www.genetics.org/content/154/4/1419.full The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection An introduction to the book by [[A. W. F. Edwards]] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041631/http://www.genetics.org/content/154/4/1419.full |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> He gave the theory a [[mathematical]] footing and brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution, thus founding the basis for [[population genetics]] and the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]], with [[J.B.S. Haldane]] and [[Sewall Wright]], which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory.<ref name=b3847 />

By the time of his death, Darwin and his colleagues had convinced most scientists that [[evolution]] as descent with modification was correct, and he was regarded as a great scientist who had revolutionised ideas. In June 1909, though few at that time agreed with his view that "natural selection has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification", he was honoured by more than 400 officials and scientists from across the world who met in [[Cambridge]] to [[Darwin Day|commemorate his centenary]] and the fiftieth anniversary of ''On the Origin of Species''.<ref name=b222>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003|pp=222–225}}<br />{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2008}}<br />{{harvnb|Darwin|1872|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F391&pageseq=449 421]}}</ref> Around the beginning of the 20th century, a period that has been called "[[the eclipse of Darwinism]]", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms, which eventually proved untenable. [[Ronald Fisher]], an English [[statistics|statistician]], finally united [[Mendelian genetics]] with natural selection, in the period between 1918 and his 1930 book ''[[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]''.<ref name=":121">[http://www.genetics.org/content/154/4/1419.full The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection An introduction to the book by [[A. W. F. Edwards]] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041631/http://www.genetics.org/content/154/4/1419.full |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> He gave the theory a [[mathematical]] footing and brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution, thus founding the basis for [[population genetics]] and the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]], with [[J.B.S. Haldane]] and [[Sewall Wright]], which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory.<ref name=b3847 />

By the time of his death, Darwin and his colleagues had convinced most scientists that evolution as descent with modification was correct, and he was regarded as a great scientist who had revolutionised ideas. In June 1909, though few at that time agreed with his view that "natural selection has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification", he was honoured by more than 400 officials and scientists from across the world who met in Cambridge to commemorate his centenary and the fiftieth anniversary of On the Origin of Species.[172] Around the beginning of the 20th century, a period that has been called "the eclipse of Darwinism", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms, which eventually proved untenable. Ronald Fisher, an English statistician, finally united Mendelian genetics with natural selection, in the period between 1918 and his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.[173] He gave the theory a mathematical footing and brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution, thus founding the basis for population genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis, with J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright, which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory.

在他去世前，达尔文和他的同事已经说服了大多数科学家，进化作为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 后代渐变Descent with modification</font>'''这一概念是准确无误的。他也因彻底改变了人们固有的生物进化理念被认为是伟大的科学家。1909年6月，尽管当时很少有人同意“自然选择是主要但非排他性的后代渐变手段”这一观点，但达尔文受到了世界各地400多名官员和科学家的赞同，他们甚至在剑桥为他举行仪式来纪念他的百年诞辰和《物种起源》<ref name="b222" />出版五十周年。大约在20世纪初，即所谓的“达尔文主义消亡”时期，科学家们提出了各种能替代自然选择的进化机制，但最终均被证明站不住脚。英国统计学家罗纳德•费舍尔Ronald Fisher在1918年至1930年的著作《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 自然选择的遗传学理论The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection </font>'''》<ref name=":121" />，终于将孟德尔遗传学与自然选择结合起来。他为该理论提供了数学基础，并引起广泛的科学共识，即自然选择是进化的基本机制，从而为人类遗传学和现代进化综合奠定了基础。霍尔丹Haldane和塞沃尔•赖特Sewall Wright为现代辩论和对该理论的完善设定了参考框架。<ref name="b3847" />

=== Commemoration 纪念活动 ===

=== 纪念活动 ===

{{Main|Commemoration of Charles Darwin}}

{{Main|Commemoration of Charles Darwin}}

During Darwin's lifetime, many geographical features were given his name. An expanse of water adjoining the [[Beagle Channel]] was named ''[[Darwin Sound]]'' by [[Robert FitzRoy]] after Darwin's prompt action, along with two or three of the men, saved them from being marooned on a nearby shore when a collapsing [[glacier]] caused a large wave that would have swept away their boats,<ref>{{Harvnb|FitzRoy|1839|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=267 216–218]}}</ref> and the nearby [[Mount Darwin (Andes)|Mount Darwin]] in the Andes was named in celebration of Darwin's 25th birthday.<ref>{{harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/timeline/time_04.html Darwin's Timeline]}}</ref> When the ''[[HMS Beagle|Beagle]]'' was surveying Australia in 1839, Darwin's friend [[John Lort Stokes]] sighted a natural harbour which the ship's captain [[John Clements Wickham|Wickham]] named ''[[Port Darwin]]'': a nearby settlement was renamed [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] in 1911, and it became the capital city of Australia's [[Northern Territory]].<ref name=NTDoPaI>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipe.nt.gov.au/whatwedo/landinformation/place/origins/palmdarwin.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060918153343/http://www.ipe.nt.gov.au/whatwedo/landinformation/place/origins/palmdarwin.html|archivedate=18 September 2006|title=Territory origins| accessdate=15 December 2006|publisher=Northern Territory Department of Planning and Infrastructure, Australia}}</ref>

During Darwin's lifetime, many geographical features were given his name. An expanse of water adjoining the [[Beagle Channel]] was named ''[[Darwin Sound]]'' by [[Robert FitzRoy]] after Darwin's prompt action, along with two or three of the men, saved them from being marooned on a nearby shore when a collapsing [[glacier]] caused a large wave that would have swept away their boats,<ref name=":122">{{Harvnb|FitzRoy|1839|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=267 216–218]}}</ref> and the nearby [[Mount Darwin (Andes)|Mount Darwin]] in the Andes was named in celebration of Darwin's 25th birthday.<ref name=":123">{{harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/timeline/time_04.html Darwin's Timeline]}}</ref> When the ''[[HMS Beagle|Beagle]]'' was surveying Australia in 1839, Darwin's friend [[John Lort Stokes]] sighted a natural harbour which the ship's captain [[John Clements Wickham|Wickham]] named ''[[Port Darwin]]'': a nearby settlement was renamed [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] in 1911, and it became the capital city of Australia's [[Northern Territory]].<ref name=NTDoPaI>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipe.nt.gov.au/whatwedo/landinformation/place/origins/palmdarwin.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060918153343/http://www.ipe.nt.gov.au/whatwedo/landinformation/place/origins/palmdarwin.html|archivedate=18 September 2006|title=Territory origins| accessdate=15 December 2006|publisher=Northern Territory Department of Planning and Infrastructure, Australia}}</ref>

During Darwin's lifetime, many geographical features were given his name. An expanse of water adjoining the Beagle Channel was named Darwin Sound by Robert FitzRoy after Darwin's prompt action, along with two or three of the men, saved them from being marooned on a nearby shore when a collapsing glacier caused a large wave that would have swept away their boats,[174] and the nearby Mount Darwin in the Andes was named in celebration of Darwin's 25th birthday.[175] When the Beagle was surveying Australia in 1839, Darwin's friend John Lort Stokes sighted a natural harbour which the ship's captain Wickham named Port Darwin: a nearby settlement was renamed Darwin in 1911, and it became the capital city of Australia's Northern Territory.

达尔文在世时，许多地理特征都以他的名字命名。在比格海峡Beagle Channel旁的一片广阔水域，曾发生冰川坍塌，达尔文当即与一起同行的两三个人采取行动，使他们的船免于被因坍塌的冰川造成的海浪冲走<ref name=":122" />，从而避免了他们被困在附近的海岸。后来罗伯特•菲茨•罗伊Robert FitzRoy就将这片水域命名为达尔文海峡Darwin Sound。为了庆祝达尔文诞辰25周年<ref name=":123" />，附近的安第斯山脉也被命名为达尔文山。当猎犬号在1839年对澳大利亚进行勘测时，达尔文的朋友约翰•洛特•斯托克斯John Lort Stokes看到了一个天然海港，船长威克汉姆Wickham将其命名为达尔文港：而附近的一个定居点于1911年更名为达尔文，后来它成为了澳大利亚北领地的首府。<ref name="NTDoPaI" />

Stephen Heard identified 389 [[species]] that have been named after Darwin,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heard, Stephen B.|title=Charles Darwin's barnacle and David Bowie's spider : how scientific names celebrate adventurers, heroes, and even a few scoundrels|others=Damstra, Emily S.|date=17 March 2020|isbn=978-0-300-25269-9|location=New Haven|oclc=1143645266}}</ref> and there are at least 9 [[genus|genera]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinfacts.com/ |title=Charles Darwin 200 years&nbsp;– Things you didn't know about Charles Darwin |accessdate=23 May 2009 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528033253/http://darwinfacts.com/ |archivedate=28 May 2009  }}</ref> In one example, the group of [[tanager]]s related to those Darwin found in the [[Galápagos Islands]] became popularly known as "[[Darwin's finches]]" in 1947, fostering inaccurate legends about their significance to his work.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sulloway|1982|pp=45–47}}</ref>

Stephen Heard identified 389 [[species]] that have been named after Darwin,<ref name=":124">{{Cite book|last=Heard, Stephen B.|title=Charles Darwin's barnacle and David Bowie's spider : how scientific names celebrate adventurers, heroes, and even a few scoundrels|others=Damstra, Emily S.|date=17 March 2020|isbn=978-0-300-25269-9|location=New Haven|oclc=1143645266}}</ref> and there are at least 9 [[genus|genera]].<ref name=":125">{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinfacts.com/ |title=Charles Darwin 200 years&nbsp;– Things you didn't know about Charles Darwin |accessdate=23 May 2009 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528033253/http://darwinfacts.com/ |archivedate=28 May 2009  }}</ref> In one example, the group of [[tanager]]s related to those Darwin found in the [[Galápagos Islands]] became popularly known as "[[Darwin's finches]]" in 1947, fostering inaccurate legends about their significance to his work.<ref name=":126">{{Harvnb|Sulloway|1982|pp=45–47}}</ref>

Stephen Heard identified 389 species that have been named after Darwin,[177] and there are at least 9 genera.[178] In one example, the group of tanagers related to those Darwin found in the Galápagos Islands became popularly known as "Darwin's finches" in 1947, fostering inaccurate legends about their significance to his work.

斯蒂芬•希德Stephen Heard确定了至少9个属389个以达尔文命名的物种<ref name=":124" />。例如，与达尔文在加拉帕戈斯群岛中的发现有关的唐纳雀<ref name=":125" />，在1947年被广泛称为“达尔文雀”。据不准确传闻，这是为了纪念这群雀类对达尔文研究工作的意义<ref name=":126" />。