更改

艾伦·图灵 (查看源代码)

2022年3月14日 (一) 02:29的版本

添加5,589字节、 2022年3月14日 (一) 02:29

无编辑摘要

第422行：第422行：

1951年，39岁的图灵转向数学生物学，最终于1952年1月出版了他的杰作《形态发生的化学基础》。他对形态发生很感兴趣，即生物有机体中模式和形状的发展。他认为，一个化学物质相互反应并在空间扩散的系统，称为反应扩散系统，可以解释“形态发生的主要现象”。他用偏微分方程系统来模拟催化化学反应。例如，如果一个特定的化学反应需要一个催化剂 a，并且如果该反应产生了更多的催化剂 a，那么我们说该反应是自催化的，并且有正反馈，可以用非线性微分方程来模拟。图灵发现，如果化学反应不仅产生了催化剂 a，而且还产生了抑制剂 b，从而减缓了 a 的生成，那么这些图案就可以被创造出来。如果 a 和 b 以不同的速率在容器中扩散，那么可能会有 a 占优势的区域和 b 占优势的区域。为了计算这种程度，图灵需要一台功能强大的计算机，但是在1951年，这些计算机还没有那么容易获得，所以他不得不用线性近似法手工求解方程。这些计算给出了正确的定性结果，并产生了一种均匀的混合物，例如，奇怪的是，这种混合物有规则地分布着固定的红点。俄罗斯生物化学家 Boris Belousov 也进行过类似的实验，但由于当时的偏见，他的论文无法发表，因为任何这样的事情都违反了热力学第二定律。贝洛索夫并不知道图灵在《皇家学会哲学汇刊》上发表的论文。126，Random House，2004

−

~~【最终版】~~

+

【最终版】1951年，图灵39岁的时候，他转向数学生物学，最终在1952年1月出版了他的杰作《形态发生的化学基础》。他对形态发生感兴趣，也就是生物有机体中模式和形状的发展。他认为，一个化学物质相互作用并在空间中扩散的系统，被称为反应-扩散系统，可以解释“形态发生的主要现象”。他用偏微分方程组来模拟催化化学反应。例如，如果某一化学反应的发生需要催化剂a，如果反应产生了更多的催化剂a，那么我们就说这个反应是自催化的，有一个正反馈可以用非线性微分方程来模拟。图灵发现模式可以创建如果不仅产生了催化剂的化学反应,而且还产生一种抑制剂B，减速A。如果A和B的生产以不同的速率扩散到容器中,然后你可以有一些地区主导A和B。为了计算这个范围，图灵需要一台强大的计算机，但在1951年，这台计算机还没有普及，所以他不得不使用线性近似来手工求解方程。这些计算给出了正确的定性结果，并产生了，例如，一种均匀的混合物，奇怪的是，它有规律地间隔着固定的红点。俄罗斯生物化学家鲍里斯·别洛乌索夫(Boris Belousov)也做过类似的实验，但他的论文未能发表，因为当时人们认为这样的实验违反了热力学第二定律。别洛乌索夫并不知道图灵在《皇家学会哲学学报》上发表的论文。约翰·格里宾，《深层的简单》，第126页，兰登书屋，2004年。

Although published before the structure and role of [[DNA]] was understood, Turing's work on morphogenesis remains relevant today and is considered a seminal piece of work in mathematical biology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html |title=Turing's Last, Lost work |access-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823032620/http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html |archive-date=23 August 2003 }}</ref> One of the early applications of Turing's paper was the work by James Murray explaining spots and stripes on the fur of cats, large and small.<ref>James Murray, ''How the leopard gets its spots'', Scientific American, vol 258, number 3, p. 80, March 1988</ref><ref>James Murray, ''Mathematical Biology I'', 2007, Chapter 6, Springer Verlag</ref><ref>John Gibbin, Deep Simplicity, p. 134, Random House, 2004</ref> James Murray, How the leopard gets its spots, Scientific American, vol 258, number 3, p. 80, March 1988James Murray, Mathematical Biology I, 2007, Chapter 6, Springer VerlagJohn Gibbin, Deep Simplicity, p. 134, Random House, 2004 Further research in the area suggests that Turing's work can partially explain the growth of "feathers, hair follicles, the branching pattern of lungs, and even the left-right asymmetry that puts the heart on the left side of the chest."<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.338.6113.1406|pmid=23239707|title=Turing Pattern Fingered for Digit Formation|journal=Science|volume=338|issue=6113|pages=1406|year=2012|last1=Vogel|first1=G.|bibcode=2012Sci...338.1406V}}</ref> In 2012, Sheth, et al. found that in mice, removal of [[Hox genes]] causes an increase in the number of digits without an increase in the overall size of the limb, suggesting that Hox genes control digit formation by tuning the wavelength of a Turing-type mechanism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Sheth |first1 = R. |last2 = Marcon |first2 = L. |last3 = Bastida |first3 = M.F. |last4 = Junco |first4 = M. |last5 = Quintana |first5 = L. |last6 = Dahn |first6 = R. |last7 = Kmita |first7 = M. |last8 = Sharpe |first8 = J. |last9 = Ros |first9 = M.A. |doi = 10.1126/science.1226804 |title = Hox Genes Regulate Digit Patterning by Controlling the Wavelength of a Turing-Type Mechanism |journal = Science |volume = 338 |issue = 6113 |pages = 1476–1480 |year = 2012 |pmid = 23239739 |pmc = 4486416 |bibcode = 2012Sci...338.1476S }}</ref> Later papers were not available until ''Collected Works of A. M. Turing'' was published in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Alan Turing Bibliography|url=http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio3.html|page=morphogenesis|publisher=turing.org.uk|access-date=27 July 2015|author=Andrew Hodges|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905180420/http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio3.html|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

虽然在 DNA 的结构和作用被理解之前就已经发表了，但是图灵在形态发生方面的工作至今仍然有意义，并且被认为是数学生物学领域的一项开创性工作。图灵论文的早期应用之一是詹姆斯 · 默里的工作，他解释了大大小小的猫毛上的斑点和条纹。詹姆斯 · 默里，《豹子是如何长出斑点的》，《科学美国人》，第258卷，第3期，第80页，1988年3月詹姆斯 · 默里，《数学生物学 i 》，2007年，第6章，斯普林格出版社，约翰 · 吉宾，《深度简单》，第134页，兰登书屋，2004年进一步的研究表明，图灵的工作可以部分地解释“羽毛、毛囊、肺部模式，甚至是将心脏置于胸部左侧的左右不对称”的生长2012年，Sheth 等人。研究人员发现，在小鼠身上，去除 Hox 基因会导致手指数量的增加，而不会增加肢体的整体尺寸，这表明 Hox 基因通过调节图灵类型机制的波长来控制手指的形成。后来的论文直到1992年《图灵作品集》出版才被发表。

+

【最终版】尽管在DNA的结构和作用被理解之前，图灵就发表了这篇论文，但他在形态发生方面的研究在今天仍然具有重要意义，并被认为是数学生物学领域的一项开创性工作。图灵论文的早期应用之一是詹姆斯·默里(James Murray)对大大小小的猫毛上的斑点和条纹的解释。詹姆斯穆雷,豹的斑点,《科学美国人》,第258卷,3号,p。80年,1988年3月詹姆斯·莫里数学生物学,2007年,第6章,施普林格VerlagJohn Gibbin,深简单,p。134年,兰登书屋,2004年在该地区进一步的研究表明,图灵的工作可以部分解释的增长“羽毛,毛囊,肺的分支模式，甚至是左右不对称，使得心脏位于胸腔的左侧。”2012年，Sheth等人在老鼠身上发现，去除Hox基因会导致手指数量的增加，但不会增加肢体的整体尺寸，这表明Hox基因通过调节图灵型机制的波长来控制手指的形成。后来的论文直到1992年出版的《图灵作品集》才公开。

==Personal life==

+

== 个人生活 ==

+

===Engagement===

+

=== 订婚 ===

In 1941, Turing proposed marriage to Hut 8 colleague [[Joan Clarke]], a fellow mathematician and cryptanalyst, but their engagement was short-lived. After admitting his homosexuality to his fiancée, who was reportedly "unfazed" by the revelation, Turing decided that he could not go through with the marriage.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=176–178}}</ref>

个人生活1941年，图灵向 Hut 8的同事琼 · 克拉克求婚，她是一位数学家和密码分析家，但他们的婚约是短暂的。在向他的未婚妻承认自己是同性恋后，图灵决定不再继续这段婚姻。据报道，他的未婚妻对此并不担心。

+

【最终版】1941年，图灵向8号营房的同事、数学家兼密码分析师琼·克拉克求婚，但他们的订婚期很短。图灵在他的fiancée网站上承认了自己的同性恋身份，据报道，图灵对这一爆料“并不担心”。之后，图灵决定他不能继续这段婚姻。

===Conviction for indecency===

+

=== 因猥亵而被定罪 ===

In January 1952, Turing was 39 when he started a relationship with Arnold Murray, a 19-year-old unemployed man. Just before Christmas, Turing was walking along Manchester's [[Wilmslow Road|Oxford Road]] when he met Murray just outside the [[Dancehouse|Regal Cinema]] and invited him to lunch. On 23 January, Turing's house was burgled. Murray told Turing that he and the burglar were acquainted, and Turing reported the crime to the police. During the investigation, he acknowledged a sexual relationship with Murray. Homosexual acts were criminal offences in the United Kingdom at that time,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=458}}</ref> and both men were charged with "[[gross indecency]]" under [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885#Section 11|Section 11]] of the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]].<ref name="LeavittP268">{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=268}}</ref> Initial [[committal procedure|committal proceedings]] for the trial were held on 27 February during which Turing's solicitor "reserved his defence", i.e., did not argue or provide evidence against the allegations.

−

~~= = 被判猥亵罪 = = =~~ 1952年1月，39岁的图灵与19岁的失业男子阿诺德 · 穆雷开始恋爱。就在圣诞节前，图灵在曼彻斯特的牛津路散步时，在 Regal 电影院外遇到了默里，并邀请他共进午餐。1月23日，图灵的家被盗。默里告诉图灵，他和窃贼是熟人，图灵向警方报案。在调查过程中，他承认与莫里发生过性关系。同性恋行为在当时的英国是犯罪行为，根据美国最高1885年刑事修正法令第11条，两人都被指控犯有“严重猥亵罪”。2月27日进行了初步交付审判程序，期间图灵的律师”保留了他的辩护”，即没有对指控进行辩论或提供证据。

+

1952年1月，39岁的图灵与19岁的失业男子阿诺德 · 穆雷开始恋爱。就在圣诞节前，图灵在曼彻斯特的牛津路散步时，在 Regal 电影院外遇到了默里，并邀请他共进午餐。1月23日，图灵的家被盗。默里告诉图灵，他和窃贼是熟人，图灵向警方报案。在调查过程中，他承认与莫里发生过性关系。同性恋行为在当时的英国是犯罪行为，根据美国最高1885年刑事修正法令第11条，两人都被指控犯有“严重猥亵罪”。2月27日进行了初步交付审判程序，期间图灵的律师”保留了他的辩护”，即没有对指控进行辩论或提供证据。

+

【最终版】1952年1月，图灵39岁，与19岁的无业青年阿诺德·默里开始了一段恋情。圣诞节前，图灵走在曼彻斯特的牛津路上，在皇家影院外遇到了默里，并邀请他共进午餐。1月23日，图灵的家被盗了。默里告诉图灵，他和窃贼认识，图灵向警方报案。在调查期间，他承认与默里有性关系。同性恋行为在当时的英国是刑事犯罪，根据《1885年刑法修正案》第11条，两人被控犯有“严重猥亵罪”。2月27日，图灵的律师进行了初步的审判，在此期间，图灵的律师“保留了他的辩护”，也就是说，他没有为指控辩护或提供证据。

Turing was later convinced by the advice of his brother and his own solicitor, and he entered a plea of guilty.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |publisher=Princeton University Press |author-link=Andrew Hodges |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |page=[https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg/page/463 463] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15564-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg|url-access=registration }}</ref> The case, ''[[Elizabeth II|Regina]] v. Turing and Murray,'' was brought to trial on 31 March 1952.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |publisher=Princeton University Press |author-link=Andrew Hodges |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |page=[https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg/page/471 471] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15564-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg|url-access=registration }}</ref> Turing was convicted and given a choice between imprisonment and probation. His probation would be conditional on his agreement to undergo [[hormone|hormonal]] physical changes designed to reduce [[libido]]. He accepted the option of injections of what was then called stilboestrol (now known as [[diethylstilbestrol]] or DES), a synthetic [[oestrogen]]; this feminization of his body was continued for the course of one year. The treatment rendered Turing [[impotence|impotent]] and caused [[gynaecomastia|breast tissue to form]],<ref>{{cite book | title=Alan Turing: The Enigma The Centenary Edition | publisher=Princeton University | author= Hodges, Andrew | year=2012}}</ref> fulfilling in the literal sense Turing's prediction that "no doubt I shall emerge from it all a different man, but quite who I've not found out".<ref>{{cite web |title=Letters of Note: Yours in distress, Alan |last=Turing |first=Alan |year=1952 |url=http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/06/yours-in-distress-alan.html |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120024901/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/06/yours-in-distress-alan.html |url-status=dead |access-date=16 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |publisher=Princeton University Press |author-link=Andrew Hodges |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |page=xxviii |year= 2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15564-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg|url-access=registration }}</ref> Murray was given a conditional discharge.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=473}}</ref>

后来，图灵听从了他哥哥和他的律师的建议，认罪了。雷吉娜诉图灵和默里案于1952年3月31日开庭审理。图灵被判有罪，并在监禁和缓刑之间做出选择。他的缓刑将以他同意接受旨在降低性欲的荷尔蒙生理变化为条件。他接受了注射一种当时被称为己烯雌酚的合成雌激素的选择，这种女性化的身体持续了一年。这种治疗使得图灵无能为力，导致乳腺组织形成，从字面意义上实现了图灵的预言: “毫无疑问，我将从这一切中脱离出来，成为一个完全不同的人，但完全是一个我没有发现的人。”。默里被有条件地释放了。

+

【最终版】后来，在哥哥和律师的劝说下，图灵认罪了。里贾纳诉图灵和默里案于1952年3月31日开庭审理。图灵被判有罪，可以选择监禁或缓刑。他的缓刑条件是他同意接受荷尔蒙生理变化，以降低性欲。他接受了注射当时被称为stilbo雌酚(现在被称为己烯雌酚或DES)的合成雌激素的选择;他身体的女性化持续了一年之久。这种治疗使图灵阳痿，并导致乳房组织形成，这完全实现了图灵的预言:“毫无疑问，我将成为一个完全不同的人，但我还不知道是谁。”默里被有条件地释放了。

Turing's conviction led to the removal of his security clearance and barred him from continuing with his cryptographic consultancy for the [[Government Communications Headquarters]] (GCHQ), the British [[signals intelligence]] agency that had evolved from GC&CS in 1946, though he kept his academic job. He was denied entry into the United States after his conviction in 1952, but was free to visit other European countries.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=143}}</ref>

图灵的定罪导致他的安全许可被撤销，并且禁止他继续为英国政府通信总部提供密码咨询服务，政府通信总部是1946年从 gc & cs 发展而来的英国信号情报机构，尽管他保留了他的学术工作。在1952年被定罪后，他被拒绝进入美国，但他可以自由地访问其他欧洲国家。

+

【最终版】图灵被定罪后，他的安全权限被取消，也被禁止继续担任英国信号情报机构政府通信总部(GCHQ)的密码顾问，但他保留了学术工作。GCHQ是1946年由GC&CS演变而来的。1952年他被定罪后，美国拒绝他入境，但他可以自由访问其他欧洲国家。

===Death===

+

=== 死亡 ===

[[File:Turing_Plaque.jpg|thumb|right|A blue plaque on the house at 43 Adlington Road, [[Wilmslow]] where Turing lived and died<ref name="copperfolly">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703105309/https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBWSRSWIS210139/WIS210139_WIS21003746.PDF|archive-date=3 July 2021|url=https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBWSRSWIS210139/WIS210139_WIS21003746.PDF|website=savills.com|author=Anon|year=2021|title=Turing's House: Copper Folly, 43 Adlington Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire, SK9 2BJ}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Turing_Plaque.jpg]]On 8 June 1954, at his house at 43 Adlington Road, [[Wilmslow]],<ref name="copperfolly" /> Turing's housekeeper found him dead. He had died the previous day at the age of 41. [[Cyanide poisoning]] was established as the cause of death.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing#toc330986 |title=Alan Turing. Biography, Facts, & Education |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011184445/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing#toc330986 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> When his body was discovered, an apple lay half-eaten beside his bed, and although the apple was not tested for cyanide,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=488}}</ref> it was speculated that this was the means by which Turing had consumed a fatal dose. An [[Inquests in England and Wales|inquest]] determined that he had committed suicide. Andrew Hodges and another biographer, [[David Leavitt]], have both speculated that Turing was re-enacting a scene from the [[Walt Disney]] film ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937), his favourite fairy tale. Both men noted that (in Leavitt's words) he took "an especially keen pleasure in the scene where the Wicked Queen immerses her apple in the poisonous brew".<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=140}} and {{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=149, 489}}</ref> Turing's remains were cremated at [[Woking Crematorium]] on 12 June 1954,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=529}}</ref> and his ashes were scattered in the gardens of the crematorium, just as his father's had been.<ref name="hodges2012">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpAl0piM38cC |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |date=2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4481-3781-7 |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117070027/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EpAl0piM38cC |archive-date=17 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

−

~~= = 死亡 = =~~ 1954年6月8日，在他位于威姆斯洛 Adlington Road 43号的家中，图灵的管家发现了他的尸体。他前一天去世，享年41岁。氰化物中毒被确定为死因。当他的尸体被发现时，一个吃了一半的苹果躺在他的床边，尽管这个苹果没有被检测出氰化物，但人们推测这是图灵服用致命剂量的方式。审讯确定他是自杀的。安德鲁•霍奇斯和另一位传记作家大卫•利维特都推测，图灵是在重演华特•迪士尼(Walt Disney)电影《白雪公主和七个小矮人(1937)中的一个场景，这是他最喜欢的童话故事。两人都指出，(用莱维特的话说)他“特别喜欢看到邪恶皇后把苹果浸入有毒的水中的场景”。图灵的遗体于1954年6月12日在 Woking Crematorium 火化，他的骨灰撒在火葬场的花园里，就像他父亲那样。

+

1954年6月8日，在他位于威姆斯洛 Adlington Road 43号的家中，图灵的管家发现了他的尸体。他前一天去世，享年41岁。氰化物中毒被确定为死因。当他的尸体被发现时，一个吃了一半的苹果躺在他的床边，尽管这个苹果没有被检测出氰化物，但人们推测这是图灵服用致命剂量的方式。审讯确定他是自杀的。安德鲁•霍奇斯和另一位传记作家大卫•利维特都推测，图灵是在重演华特•迪士尼(Walt Disney)电影《白雪公主和七个小矮人(1937)中的一个场景，这是他最喜欢的童话故事。两人都指出，(用莱维特的话说)他“特别喜欢看到邪恶皇后把苹果浸入有毒的水中的场景”。图灵的遗体于1954年6月12日在 Woking Crematorium 火化，他的骨灰撒在火葬场的花园里，就像他父亲那样。

+

【最终版】1954年6月8日，在他位于阿德灵顿路43号的家中，威尔姆斯洛，图灵的管家发现他死了。他在前一天去世，享年41岁。氰化物中毒被确定为死亡原因。当他的尸体被发现时，一个吃了一半的苹果躺在他的床边，虽然这个苹果没有被检测出氰化物，但人们猜测，这就是图灵服用致命剂量的方法。调查结果表明他是自杀的。安德鲁·霍奇斯(Andrew Hodges)和另一位传记作家大卫·莱维特(David Leavitt)都猜测，图灵是在重现他最喜欢的童话故事——迪士尼电影《白雪公主和七个小矮人》(Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, 1937)中的一幕。两人都注意到(用莱维特的话来说)，他“在邪恶的王后将苹果浸入有毒啤酒的场景中获得了一种特别强烈的快感”。1954年6月12日，图灵的遗体在沃金火葬场火化，他的骨灰被撒在火葬场的花园里，就像他父亲的骨灰一样。

Philosopher [[Jack Copeland]] has questioned various aspects of the coroner's historical verdict. He suggested an alternative explanation for the cause of Turing's death: the accidental inhalation of cyanide fumes from an apparatus used to [[electroplating|electroplate]] gold onto spoons. The [[potassium cyanide]] was used to [[Gold#Commercial chemistry|dissolve the gold]]. Turing had such an apparatus set up in his tiny spare room. Copeland noted that the autopsy findings were more consistent with inhalation than with ingestion of the poison. Turing also habitually ate an apple before going to bed, and it was not unusual for the apple to be discarded half-eaten.<ref name="Copeland">{{cite news | first = Roland | last = Pease | title = Alan Turing: Inquest's suicide verdict 'not supportable' | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092 | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 23 June 2012 | access-date = 23 June 2012 | quote = We have ... been recreating the narrative of Turing's life, and we have recreated him as an unhappy young man who committed suicide. But the evidence is not there. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120623101625/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092 | archive-date = 23 June 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> Furthermore, Turing had reportedly borne his legal setbacks and hormone treatment (which had been discontinued a year previously) "with good humour" and had shown no sign of despondency prior to his death. He even set down a list of tasks that he intended to complete upon returning to his office after the holiday weekend.<ref name="Copeland" /> Turing's mother believed that the ingestion was accidental, resulting from her son's careless storage of laboratory chemicals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5685694 |title=TURING, Ethel Sara (1881–1976, mother of Alan Turing). Series of 11 autograph letters to Robin Gandy, Guilford, 28 July 1954 – 11 June 1971 (most before 1959), altogether 29 pages, 8vo (2 letters dated 17 May and 26 May 1955 incomplete, lacking continuation leaves, occasional light soiling) |website=christies.com |access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015923/https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5685694 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Biographer Andrew Hodges theorised that Turing arranged the delivery of the equipment to deliberately allow his mother [[plausible deniability]] with regard to any suicide claims.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=488, 489}}</ref>[[File:Alan Turing OBE.jpg|thumb|Turing's OBE currently held in [[Sherborne School]] archives|链接=Special:FilePath/Alan_Turing_OBE.jpg]]哲学家杰克 · 科普兰对验尸官的历史裁决提出了各种各样的质疑。对于图灵的死因，他提出了另一种解释: 一个用于电镀金子的器具意外吸入了氰化物烟雾到勺子上。氰化钾是用来溶解黄金的。图灵在他狭小的空余房间里安装了这样一台仪器。科普兰指出，尸检结果更符合吸入而不是摄入毒药。图灵还习惯在睡觉前吃一个苹果，吃了一半就丢弃这个苹果并不罕见。此外，据报道，图灵“幽默地”承受了法律上的挫折和激素治疗(一年前已经停止) ，而且在他去世之前没有显示出任何沮丧的迹象。他甚至列出了一个任务清单，打算在假日周末回到办公室后完成这些任务。图灵的母亲认为，由于儿子粗心地储存了实验室化学品，图灵的摄入是意外的。传记作家 Andrew Hodges 提出理论，图灵安排了这些设备的交付，故意让他的母亲对任何自杀的声明有似是而非的否认。

+

【最终版】

It has been suggested that Turing's belief in [[fortune-telling]] may have caused his depressed mood.<ref name="hodges2012" /> As a youth, Turing had been told by a fortune-teller that he would be a genius. In mid-May 1954, shortly before his death, Turing again decided to consult a fortune-teller during a day-trip to [[Lytham St Annes|St Annes-on-Sea]] with the Greenbaum family.<ref name="hodges2012" /> According to the Greenbaums' daughter, Barbara:<ref name="dowd">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27701207 |title=What was Alan Turing really like? |author=Vincent Dowd |publisher=BBC |date=6 June 2014 |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117020715/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27701207 |archive-date=17 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>But it was a lovely sunny day and Alan was in a cheerful mood and off we went... Then he thought it would be a good idea to go to the [[Blackpool Pleasure Beach|Pleasure Beach at Blackpool]]. We found a fortune-teller's tent[,] and Alan said he'd like to go in[,] so we waited around for him to come back... And this sunny, cheerful visage had shrunk into a pale, shaking, horror-stricken face. Something had happened. We don't know what the fortune-teller said[,] but he obviously was deeply unhappy. I think that was probably the last time we saw him before we heard of his suicide.

范星辰

49

个编辑