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艾伦·图灵 (查看源代码)

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【最终版】2009年，在一场网络运动之后，英国首相戈登·布朗代表英国政府就“他受到的恶劣对待”正式公开道歉。2013年，英国女王伊丽莎白二世赦免了图灵。“艾伦·图灵法”现在是英国2017年颁布的一项法律的非正式用语，该法律对在历史上禁止同性恋行为的法律中被警告或被定罪的人进行追溯性赦免。图灵留下了很多他的雕像和许多以他命名的东西，包括年度计算机科学创新奖。他出现在英格兰银行50英镑纸币上，这张纸币是为了配合他的生日而发行的。在2019年的BBC系列节目中，观众投票选出他为20世纪最伟大的人。
 
【最终版】2009年，在一场网络运动之后，英国首相戈登·布朗代表英国政府就“他受到的恶劣对待”正式公开道歉。2013年，英国女王伊丽莎白二世赦免了图灵。“艾伦·图灵法”现在是英国2017年颁布的一项法律的非正式用语，该法律对在历史上禁止同性恋行为的法律中被警告或被定罪的人进行追溯性赦免。图灵留下了很多他的雕像和许多以他命名的东西，包括年度计算机科学创新奖。他出现在英格兰银行50英镑纸币上，这张纸币是为了配合他的生日而发行的。在2019年的BBC系列节目中，观众投票选出他为20世纪最伟大的人。
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==Early life and education==
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==Early life and education'''<big>早年生活与教育</big>'''==
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'''<big>早年生活与教育</big>'''
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=== Family家庭 ===
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=== Family ===
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'''家庭'''
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Turing was born in [[Maida Vale]], London,<ref name="whoswho" /> while his father, Julius Mathison Turing (1873–1947), was on leave from his position with the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) at [[Chatrapur]], then in the [[Madras Presidency]] and presently in [[Odisha]] state, in India.<ref name="Hodges1983P5">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |title=The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook |publisher=[[Alan Turing: The Enigma]] |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BOrKl1DB?url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev.&nbsp;John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a [[baronet]]. Turing's mother, Julius's wife, was Ethel Sara Turing ({{nee|Stoney}}; 1881–1976),<ref name="whoswho" /> daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway|Madras Railways]]. The Stoneys were a [[Protestantism in Ireland|Protestant]] [[Anglo-Irish]] [[gentry]] family from both [[County Tipperary]] and [[County Longford]], while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in [[County Clare]].<ref>Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 23 June 2012.</ref>Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. The Irish Times, 23 June 2012.
 
Turing was born in [[Maida Vale]], London,<ref name="whoswho" /> while his father, Julius Mathison Turing (1873–1947), was on leave from his position with the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) at [[Chatrapur]], then in the [[Madras Presidency]] and presently in [[Odisha]] state, in India.<ref name="Hodges1983P5">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |title=The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook |publisher=[[Alan Turing: The Enigma]] |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BOrKl1DB?url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev.&nbsp;John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a [[baronet]]. Turing's mother, Julius's wife, was Ethel Sara Turing ({{nee|Stoney}}; 1881–1976),<ref name="whoswho" /> daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway|Madras Railways]]. The Stoneys were a [[Protestantism in Ireland|Protestant]] [[Anglo-Irish]] [[gentry]] family from both [[County Tipperary]] and [[County Longford]], while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in [[County Clare]].<ref>Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 23 June 2012.</ref>Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. The Irish Times, 23 June 2012.
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【最终版】在很小的时候，图灵就表现出了天才的迹象，他后来也表现得非常出色。1927年，图灵的父母在吉尔福德买了一套房子，他在学校放假的时候就住在那里。这个地点也用一块蓝色的牌子做了标记。
 
【最终版】在很小的时候，图灵就表现出了天才的迹象，他后来也表现得非常出色。1927年，图灵的父母在吉尔福德买了一套房子，他在学校放假的时候就住在那里。这个地点也用一块蓝色的牌子做了标记。
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===School ===
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===School'''学校'''===
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'''学校'''
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Turing's parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a primary school at 20 Charles Road, [[St Leonards-on-Sea]], from the age of six to nine. The headmistress recognised his talent, noting that she has "...had clever boys and hardworking boys, but Alan is a genius."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cawthorne|first=Nigel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890938716|title=Alan Turing : the enigma man|date=2014|isbn=978-1-78404-535-7|location=London|pages=18|oclc=890938716}}</ref>
 
Turing's parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a primary school at 20 Charles Road, [[St Leonards-on-Sea]], from the age of six to nine. The headmistress recognised his talent, noting that she has "...had clever boys and hardworking boys, but Alan is a genius."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cawthorne|first=Nigel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890938716|title=Alan Turing : the enigma man|date=2014|isbn=978-1-78404-535-7|location=London|pages=18|oclc=890938716}}</ref>
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【最终版】图灵对数学和科学的自然倾向并没有赢得舍尔伯尼一些老师的尊重，他们对教育的定义更强调经典。他的校长在给父母的信中说:“我希望他不要两头落空。如果他要留在公立学校，他必须以受教育为目标。如果他仅仅是一个科学专家，他在公立学校是在浪费时间。”尽管如此，图灵仍然在他所热爱的研究中表现出非凡的能力，1927年，他在没有学习初级微积分的情况下就解决了高级问题。1928年，16岁的图灵看到了爱因斯坦的作品;他不仅理解了这一点，而且有可能他成功地从一篇从来没有明确说明的文本中推断出爱因斯坦对牛顿运动定律的质疑。
 
【最终版】图灵对数学和科学的自然倾向并没有赢得舍尔伯尼一些老师的尊重，他们对教育的定义更强调经典。他的校长在给父母的信中说:“我希望他不要两头落空。如果他要留在公立学校，他必须以受教育为目标。如果他仅仅是一个科学专家，他在公立学校是在浪费时间。”尽管如此，图灵仍然在他所热爱的研究中表现出非凡的能力，1927年，他在没有学习初级微积分的情况下就解决了高级问题。1928年，16岁的图灵看到了爱因斯坦的作品;他不仅理解了这一点，而且有可能他成功地从一篇从来没有明确说明的文本中推断出爱因斯坦对牛顿运动定律的质疑。
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===Christopher Morcom===
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===Christopher Morcom'''克里斯托弗  莫科姆'''===
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'''克里斯托弗  莫科姆'''
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At Sherborne, Turing formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom (13 July 1911 – 13 February 1930),<ref>[https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Obituary-for-Christopher-Morcom-The-Shirburnian-March-1930.pdf ''The Shirburnian'']</ref> who has been described as Turing's "first love". Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in February 1930, from complications of [[bovine tuberculosis]], contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.<ref name="NYReviewBooks">{{cite web|author=Caryl, Christian|title=Poor Imitation of Alan Turing|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|newspaper=[[New York Review of Books]]|date=19 December 2014|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107010418/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|archive-date=7 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Rachel Hassall, [http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415082353/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf |date=15 April 2014 }} 'Vivat!' 2012/13</ref><ref name="teuscher">{{Cite book|editor-last=Teuscher |editor-first=Christof|editor-link=Christof Teuscher |title=Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-540-20020-8 |oclc=53434737 }}</ref>Rachel Hassall, 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'  'Vivat!' 2012/13
 
At Sherborne, Turing formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom (13 July 1911 – 13 February 1930),<ref>[https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Obituary-for-Christopher-Morcom-The-Shirburnian-March-1930.pdf ''The Shirburnian'']</ref> who has been described as Turing's "first love". Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in February 1930, from complications of [[bovine tuberculosis]], contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.<ref name="NYReviewBooks">{{cite web|author=Caryl, Christian|title=Poor Imitation of Alan Turing|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|newspaper=[[New York Review of Books]]|date=19 December 2014|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107010418/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|archive-date=7 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Rachel Hassall, [http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415082353/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf |date=15 April 2014 }} 'Vivat!' 2012/13</ref><ref name="teuscher">{{Cite book|editor-last=Teuscher |editor-first=Christof|editor-link=Christof Teuscher |title=Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-540-20020-8 |oclc=53434737 }}</ref>Rachel Hassall, 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'  'Vivat!' 2012/13
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就我个人而言，我相信精神确实与物质永恒地联系在一起，但肯定不是由同一种肉体联系在一起……至于精神和身体之间的实际联系，我认为身体可以抓住一个“灵魂”，当身体活着和醒着的时候，两者是紧密联系的。当身体睡着的时候，我猜不出会发生什么，但当身体死亡的时候，身体的“机制”，承载着灵魂的东西就消失了，而灵魂迟早会找到一个新的身体，也许马上就会找到。
 
就我个人而言，我相信精神确实与物质永恒地联系在一起，但肯定不是由同一种肉体联系在一起……至于精神和身体之间的实际联系，我认为身体可以抓住一个“灵魂”，当身体活着和醒着的时候，两者是紧密联系的。当身体睡着的时候，我猜不出会发生什么，但当身体死亡的时候，身体的“机制”，承载着灵魂的东西就消失了，而灵魂迟早会找到一个新的身体，也许马上就会找到。
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===University and work on computability===
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===University and work on computability'''大学时期以及对于可计算性的研究'''===
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'''大学时期以及对于可计算性的研究'''
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After Sherborne, Turing studied as an undergraduate from 1931 to 1934 at [[King's College, Cambridge]],<ref name="whoswho" /> where he was awarded first-class honours in mathematics. In 1935, at the age of 22, he was elected a [[Fellow]] of King's College on the strength of a dissertation in which he proved the [[central limit theorem]].<ref>See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 [http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html Decembre 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421105727/http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html |date=21 April 2018 }} Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique</ref> See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 Decembre 2009  Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique Unknown to the committee, the theorem had already been proven, in 1922, by [[Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=88, 94}}</ref>
 
After Sherborne, Turing studied as an undergraduate from 1931 to 1934 at [[King's College, Cambridge]],<ref name="whoswho" /> where he was awarded first-class honours in mathematics. In 1935, at the age of 22, he was elected a [[Fellow]] of King's College on the strength of a dissertation in which he proved the [[central limit theorem]].<ref>See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 [http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html Decembre 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421105727/http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html |date=21 April 2018 }} Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique</ref> See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 Decembre 2009  Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique Unknown to the committee, the theorem had already been proven, in 1922, by [[Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=88, 94}}</ref>
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【最终版】从1936年9月到1938年7月，图灵在普林斯顿大学的第二年，作为简·伊丽莎·普罗克特的访问学者，跟随丘奇学习。除了他的纯数学工作，他还研究了密码学，并建立了电子机械二进制乘数的四个阶段中的三个。1938年6月，他在普林斯顿大学数学系获得博士学位;他的论文《基于序数的逻辑系统》引入了序数逻辑的概念和相对计算的概念，在这些概念中，图灵机被所谓的预言扩充，从而可以研究图灵机无法解决的问题。约翰·冯·诺伊曼想雇他做博士后助理，但他回到了英国。《约翰·冯·诺伊曼:引领现代计算机、博弈论、核威慑等的科学天才》，诺曼·麦克雷，1999年，美国数学学会，第8章
 
【最终版】从1936年9月到1938年7月，图灵在普林斯顿大学的第二年，作为简·伊丽莎·普罗克特的访问学者，跟随丘奇学习。除了他的纯数学工作，他还研究了密码学，并建立了电子机械二进制乘数的四个阶段中的三个。1938年6月，他在普林斯顿大学数学系获得博士学位;他的论文《基于序数的逻辑系统》引入了序数逻辑的概念和相对计算的概念，在这些概念中，图灵机被所谓的预言扩充，从而可以研究图灵机无法解决的问题。约翰·冯·诺伊曼想雇他做博士后助理，但他回到了英国。《约翰·冯·诺伊曼:引领现代计算机、博弈论、核威慑等的科学天才》，诺曼·麦克雷，1999年，美国数学学会，第8章
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===Career and research===
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===Career and research'''职业和研究'''===
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=== '''职业和研究''' ===
   
When Turing returned to Cambridge, he attended lectures given in 1939 by [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] about the [[foundations of mathematics]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=152}}</ref> The lectures have been reconstructed verbatim, including interjections from Turing and other students, from students' notes.<ref>[[Cora Diamond]] (ed.), ''Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics'', University of Chicago Press, 1976</ref> Cora Diamond (ed.), Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, University of Chicago Press, 1976Turing and Wittgenstein argued and disagreed, with Turing defending [[Philosophy of mathematics#Formalism|formalism]] and Wittgenstein propounding his view that mathematics does not discover any absolute truths, but rather invents them.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=153–154}}</ref>
 
When Turing returned to Cambridge, he attended lectures given in 1939 by [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] about the [[foundations of mathematics]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=152}}</ref> The lectures have been reconstructed verbatim, including interjections from Turing and other students, from students' notes.<ref>[[Cora Diamond]] (ed.), ''Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics'', University of Chicago Press, 1976</ref> Cora Diamond (ed.), Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, University of Chicago Press, 1976Turing and Wittgenstein argued and disagreed, with Turing defending [[Philosophy of mathematics#Formalism|formalism]] and Wittgenstein propounding his view that mathematics does not discover any absolute truths, but rather invents them.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=153–154}}</ref>
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【最终版】1939年，当图灵回到剑桥时，他参加了路德维希·维特根斯坦关于数学基础的讲座。这些讲座被逐字逐句地重建，包括来自图灵和其他学生的感叹词，以及学生的笔记。科拉·戴蒙德(Cora Diamond)，《维特根斯坦的数学基础讲座》，芝加哥大学出版社，1976年，图灵和维特根斯坦争论和反对，图灵为形式主义辩护，维特根斯坦提出数学并没有发现任何绝对真理，而是发明了它们。
 
【最终版】1939年，当图灵回到剑桥时，他参加了路德维希·维特根斯坦关于数学基础的讲座。这些讲座被逐字逐句地重建，包括来自图灵和其他学生的感叹词，以及学生的笔记。科拉·戴蒙德(Cora Diamond)，《维特根斯坦的数学基础讲座》，芝加哥大学出版社，1976年，图灵和维特根斯坦争论和反对，图灵为形式主义辩护，维特根斯坦提出数学并没有发现任何绝对真理，而是发明了它们。
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===Cryptanalysis===
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===Cryptanalysis密码分析===
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=== 密码分析 ===
   
During the Second World War, Turing was a leading participant in the breaking of German ciphers at [[Bletchley Park]]. The historian and wartime codebreaker [[Asa Briggs]] has said, "You needed exceptional talent, you needed genius at Bletchley and Turing's was that genius."<ref>{{Cite AV media | last = Briggs | first = Asa | author-link = Asa Briggs | title = Britain's Greatest Codebreaker | type = TV broadcast | publisher = [[Channel 4|UK Channel 4]] | date = 21 November 2011}}</ref>
 
During the Second World War, Turing was a leading participant in the breaking of German ciphers at [[Bletchley Park]]. The historian and wartime codebreaker [[Asa Briggs]] has said, "You needed exceptional talent, you needed genius at Bletchley and Turing's was that genius."<ref>{{Cite AV media | last = Briggs | first = Asa | author-link = Asa Briggs | title = Britain's Greatest Codebreaker | type = TV broadcast | publisher = [[Channel 4|UK Channel 4]] | date = 21 November 2011}}</ref>
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【最终版】战争结束时，所有在布莱切利公园工作过的人都收到了一份备忘录，提醒他们《官方保密法》规定的沉默准则不会随着战争的结束而结束，而是会无限期地继续下去。因此，尽管图灵在1946年被英王乔治六世任命为大英帝国军官(OBE)，但他的工作多年来一直是秘密。
 
【最终版】战争结束时，所有在布莱切利公园工作过的人都收到了一份备忘录，提醒他们《官方保密法》规定的沉默准则不会随着战争的结束而结束，而是会无限期地继续下去。因此，尽管图灵在1946年被英王乔治六世任命为大英帝国军官(OBE)，但他的工作多年来一直是秘密。
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===Bombe===
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===Bombe炸弹===
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=== 炸弹 ===
   
{{Main|Bombe}}Within weeks of arriving at Bletchley Park,<ref name="Copeland2006p378" /> Turing had specified an electromechanical machine called the [[bombe]], which could break Enigma more effectively than the Polish ''[[bomba (cryptography)|bomba kryptologiczna]]'', from which its name was derived. The bombe, with an enhancement suggested by mathematician [[Gordon Welchman]], became one of the primary tools, and the major automated one, used to attack Enigma-enciphered messages.<ref>{{Citation |last= Welchman |first= Gordon |author-link= Gordon Welchman |orig-year= 1982 |year= 1997 |title= The Hut Six story: Breaking the Enigma codes |page= 81 |location= Cleobury Mortimer, England |publisher= M&M Baldwin |isbn= 978-0-947712-34-1 }}</ref>
 
{{Main|Bombe}}Within weeks of arriving at Bletchley Park,<ref name="Copeland2006p378" /> Turing had specified an electromechanical machine called the [[bombe]], which could break Enigma more effectively than the Polish ''[[bomba (cryptography)|bomba kryptologiczna]]'', from which its name was derived. The bombe, with an enhancement suggested by mathematician [[Gordon Welchman]], became one of the primary tools, and the major automated one, used to attack Enigma-enciphered messages.<ref>{{Citation |last= Welchman |first= Gordon |author-link= Gordon Welchman |orig-year= 1982 |year= 1997 |title= The Hut Six story: Breaking the Enigma codes |page= 81 |location= Cleobury Mortimer, England |publisher= M&M Baldwin |isbn= 978-0-947712-34-1 }}</ref>
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【最终版】10月28日，他们直接写信给温斯顿·丘吉尔，解释他们的困难，图灵是第一个。他们强调，与军队的巨大人力和资金支出相比，他们的需求是多么小，与他们能够提供给军队的援助水平相比。正如图灵的传记作者安德鲁·霍奇斯(Andrew Hodges)后来写道:“这封信有一种令人震惊的效果。”丘吉尔给伊斯梅将军写了一份备忘录，上面写道:“今天就行动起来。确保他们能优先得到他们想要的一切，并向我报告，这件事已经完成了。”11月18日，特勤局局长报告说，正在采取一切可能的措施。布莱切利公园的密码学家并不知道首相的反应，但据米尔纳-巴里回忆，“我们所注意到的是，几乎从那天起，崎岖的道路奇迹般地变得平坦了。”到战争结束时，有两百多架炸弹投入使用。[[File:Turing-statue-Bletchley 14.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Statue of Turing by [[Stephen Kettle]] at Bletchley Park, commissioned by [[Sidney Frank]], built from half a million pieces of Welsh slate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bletchley Park Unveils Statue Commemorating Alan Turing |url=http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075 |access-date=30 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630083823/http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075 |archive-date=30 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Turing-statue-Bletchley_14.jpg]]
 
【最终版】10月28日，他们直接写信给温斯顿·丘吉尔，解释他们的困难，图灵是第一个。他们强调，与军队的巨大人力和资金支出相比，他们的需求是多么小，与他们能够提供给军队的援助水平相比。正如图灵的传记作者安德鲁·霍奇斯(Andrew Hodges)后来写道:“这封信有一种令人震惊的效果。”丘吉尔给伊斯梅将军写了一份备忘录，上面写道:“今天就行动起来。确保他们能优先得到他们想要的一切，并向我报告，这件事已经完成了。”11月18日，特勤局局长报告说，正在采取一切可能的措施。布莱切利公园的密码学家并不知道首相的反应，但据米尔纳-巴里回忆，“我们所注意到的是，几乎从那天起，崎岖的道路奇迹般地变得平坦了。”到战争结束时，有两百多架炸弹投入使用。[[File:Turing-statue-Bletchley 14.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Statue of Turing by [[Stephen Kettle]] at Bletchley Park, commissioned by [[Sidney Frank]], built from half a million pieces of Welsh slate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bletchley Park Unveils Statue Commemorating Alan Turing |url=http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075 |access-date=30 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630083823/http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075 |archive-date=30 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Turing-statue-Bletchley_14.jpg]]
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===Hut 8 and the naval Enigma===
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===Hut 8 and the naval Enigma8号营房和海军谜机===
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  −
=== 8号营房和海军谜机 ===
   
Turing decided to tackle the particularly difficult problem of [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma#German Naval Enigma|German naval Enigma]] "because no one else was doing anything about it and I could have it to myself".<ref name="MahonP14">{{Harvnb|Mahon|1945|p=14}}</ref> In December 1939, Turing solved the essential part of the naval [[Enigma machine#Indicator|indicator]] system, which was more complex than the indicator systems used by the other services.<ref name="MahonP14" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=184–186}}</ref>
 
Turing decided to tackle the particularly difficult problem of [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma#German Naval Enigma|German naval Enigma]] "because no one else was doing anything about it and I could have it to myself".<ref name="MahonP14">{{Harvnb|Mahon|1945|p=14}}</ref> In December 1939, Turing solved the essential part of the naval [[Enigma machine#Indicator|indicator]] system, which was more complex than the indicator systems used by the other services.<ref name="MahonP14" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=184–186}}</ref>
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毫无疑问，图灵的工作是8号营房成功的最大因素。在早期，他是唯一一个认为这个问题值得解决的密码学家，他不仅主要负责小屋内的主要理论工作，而且还与韦尔奇曼和基恩分享了炸弹机发明的主要功劳。我们总是很难说有谁是绝对不可或缺的，但如果说有谁对8号营房来说是不可或缺的，那就是图灵。先驱们的工作往往会被遗忘，后来的经验和惯例使一切看起来很容易，我们8号营房的许多人感到，图灵的巨大贡献从来没有被外部世界充分认识到。
 
毫无疑问，图灵的工作是8号营房成功的最大因素。在早期，他是唯一一个认为这个问题值得解决的密码学家，他不仅主要负责小屋内的主要理论工作，而且还与韦尔奇曼和基恩分享了炸弹机发明的主要功劳。我们总是很难说有谁是绝对不可或缺的，但如果说有谁对8号营房来说是不可或缺的，那就是图灵。先驱们的工作往往会被遗忘，后来的经验和惯例使一切看起来很容易，我们8号营房的许多人感到，图灵的巨大贡献从来没有被外部世界充分认识到。
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===Turingery===
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===Turingery图灵格里===
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  −
=== 图灵格里 ===
   
In July 1942, Turing devised a technique termed ''[[Turingery]]'' (or jokingly ''Turingismus'')<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=380}}</ref> for use against the [[Lorenz cipher]] messages produced by the Germans' new ''Geheimschreiber'' (secret writer) machine. This was a [[teleprinter]] [[Rotor machine|rotor cipher attachment]] codenamed ''Tunny'' at Bletchley Park. Turingery was a method of ''wheel-breaking'', i.e., a procedure for working out the cam settings of Tunny's wheels.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=381}}</ref> He also introduced the Tunny team to [[Tommy Flowers]] who, under the guidance of [[Max Newman]], went on to build the [[Colossus computer]], the world's first programmable digital electronic computer, which replaced a simpler prior machine (the [[Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)|Heath Robinson]]), and whose superior speed allowed the statistical decryption techniques to be applied usefully to the messages.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=72}}</ref> Some have mistakenly said that Turing was a key figure in the design of the Colossus computer. Turingery and the statistical approach of Banburismus undoubtedly fed into the thinking about [[cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Gannon|2007|p=230}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Hilton|2006|pp=197–199}}</ref> but he was not directly involved in the Colossus development.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|pp=382, 383}}</ref>
 
In July 1942, Turing devised a technique termed ''[[Turingery]]'' (or jokingly ''Turingismus'')<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=380}}</ref> for use against the [[Lorenz cipher]] messages produced by the Germans' new ''Geheimschreiber'' (secret writer) machine. This was a [[teleprinter]] [[Rotor machine|rotor cipher attachment]] codenamed ''Tunny'' at Bletchley Park. Turingery was a method of ''wheel-breaking'', i.e., a procedure for working out the cam settings of Tunny's wheels.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=381}}</ref> He also introduced the Tunny team to [[Tommy Flowers]] who, under the guidance of [[Max Newman]], went on to build the [[Colossus computer]], the world's first programmable digital electronic computer, which replaced a simpler prior machine (the [[Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)|Heath Robinson]]), and whose superior speed allowed the statistical decryption techniques to be applied usefully to the messages.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=72}}</ref> Some have mistakenly said that Turing was a key figure in the design of the Colossus computer. Turingery and the statistical approach of Banburismus undoubtedly fed into the thinking about [[cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Gannon|2007|p=230}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Hilton|2006|pp=197–199}}</ref> but he was not directly involved in the Colossus development.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|pp=382, 383}}</ref>
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【最终版】1942年7月，图灵发明了一种叫做图灵格里的技术，用来对付由德国的新Geheimschreiber(秘密编写器)机器产生的洛伦兹密码信息。这是布莱切利公园一个代号为金枪鱼的电传打字机转子密码附件。图灵格里是一种车轮断裂的方法，也就是说，一个程序来计算出金枪鱼的车轮的凸轮设置。他还把金枪鱼团队介绍给了汤米·弗劳尔斯，弗劳尔斯在马克斯·纽曼的指导下，继续建造了巨像计算机，这是世界上第一个可编程数字电子计算机，取代了以前更简单的机器(希斯·罗宾逊)，它的超高速使得统计解密技术可以有效地应用于这些信息。有些人错误地认为图灵是巨像计算机设计的关键人物。图灵格里和Banburismus的统计学方法无疑为洛伦兹密码的密码分析提供了思路，但他并没有直接参与巨人机的开发。
 
【最终版】1942年7月，图灵发明了一种叫做图灵格里的技术，用来对付由德国的新Geheimschreiber(秘密编写器)机器产生的洛伦兹密码信息。这是布莱切利公园一个代号为金枪鱼的电传打字机转子密码附件。图灵格里是一种车轮断裂的方法，也就是说，一个程序来计算出金枪鱼的车轮的凸轮设置。他还把金枪鱼团队介绍给了汤米·弗劳尔斯，弗劳尔斯在马克斯·纽曼的指导下，继续建造了巨像计算机，这是世界上第一个可编程数字电子计算机，取代了以前更简单的机器(希斯·罗宾逊)，它的超高速使得统计解密技术可以有效地应用于这些信息。有些人错误地认为图灵是巨像计算机设计的关键人物。图灵格里和Banburismus的统计学方法无疑为洛伦兹密码的密码分析提供了思路，但他并没有直接参与巨人机的开发。
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===Delilah===
+
===Delilah黛利拉===
−
 
  −
=== 黛利拉 ===
   
Following his work at [[Bell Labs]] in the US,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=245–250}}</ref> Turing pursued the idea of electronic enciphering of speech in the telephone system. In the latter part of the war, he moved to work for the Secret Service's Radio Security Service (later [[Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre|HMGCC]]) at [[Hanslope Park]]. At the park, he further developed his knowledge of electronics with the assistance of engineer Donald Bayley. Together they undertook the design and construction of a portable [[secure voice]] communications machine codenamed ''[[Delilah (voice encryption)|Delilah]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=273}}</ref> The machine was intended for different applications, but it lacked the capability for use with long-distance radio transmissions. In any case, Delilah was completed too late to be used during the war. Though the system worked fully, with Turing demonstrating it to officials by encrypting and decrypting a recording of a [[Winston Churchill]] speech, Delilah was not adopted for use.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=346}}</ref> Turing also consulted with Bell Labs on the development of [[SIGSALY]], a secure voice system that was used in the later years of the war.
 
Following his work at [[Bell Labs]] in the US,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=245–250}}</ref> Turing pursued the idea of electronic enciphering of speech in the telephone system. In the latter part of the war, he moved to work for the Secret Service's Radio Security Service (later [[Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre|HMGCC]]) at [[Hanslope Park]]. At the park, he further developed his knowledge of electronics with the assistance of engineer Donald Bayley. Together they undertook the design and construction of a portable [[secure voice]] communications machine codenamed ''[[Delilah (voice encryption)|Delilah]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=273}}</ref> The machine was intended for different applications, but it lacked the capability for use with long-distance radio transmissions. In any case, Delilah was completed too late to be used during the war. Though the system worked fully, with Turing demonstrating it to officials by encrypting and decrypting a recording of a [[Winston Churchill]] speech, Delilah was not adopted for use.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=346}}</ref> Turing also consulted with Bell Labs on the development of [[SIGSALY]], a secure voice system that was used in the later years of the war.
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【最终版】在美国贝尔实验室工作之后，图灵开始研究电话系统中语音的电子加密。在战争后期，他去汉斯洛普公园为特勤局的无线电安全局(即后来的HMGCC)工作。在公园里，他在工程师唐纳德·贝利(Donald Bayley)的帮助下进一步发展了自己在电子方面的知识。他们一起设计和建造了一台代号为黛丽拉的便携式安全语音通信机。这台机器是为不同的应用而设计的，但它缺乏长距离无线电传输的能力。无论如何，黛丽拉完成得太晚，无法在战争期间使用。图灵通过加密和解密温斯顿·丘吉尔的一段演讲录音，向官员们演示了这个系统的工作原理，但黛丽拉并没有被采用。图灵还为贝尔实验室的sig萨利(sig萨利是一种安全语音系统，在战争后期被使用)的开发提供了咨询。
 
【最终版】在美国贝尔实验室工作之后，图灵开始研究电话系统中语音的电子加密。在战争后期，他去汉斯洛普公园为特勤局的无线电安全局(即后来的HMGCC)工作。在公园里，他在工程师唐纳德·贝利(Donald Bayley)的帮助下进一步发展了自己在电子方面的知识。他们一起设计和建造了一台代号为黛丽拉的便携式安全语音通信机。这台机器是为不同的应用而设计的，但它缺乏长距离无线电传输的能力。无论如何，黛丽拉完成得太晚，无法在战争期间使用。图灵通过加密和解密温斯顿·丘吉尔的一段演讲录音，向官员们演示了这个系统的工作原理，但黛丽拉并没有被采用。图灵还为贝尔实验室的sig萨利(sig萨利是一种安全语音系统，在战争后期被使用)的开发提供了咨询。
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===Early computers and the Turing test===
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===Early computers and the Turing test早期的计算机和图灵测试===
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  −
=== 早期的计算机和图灵测试 ===
   
[[File:Alan Turing 78 High Street Hampton blue plaque.jpg|thumb|Plaque, 78 High Street, [[Hampton, London|Hampton]]|链接=Special:FilePath/Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg]]Between 1945 and 1947, Turing lived in [[Hampton, London|Hampton]], London,<ref>{{openplaque|1619}}</ref> while he worked on the design of the [[ACE (computer)|ACE]] (Automatic Computing Engine) at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory (NPL)]]. He presented a paper on 19 February 1946, which was the first detailed design of a [[stored-program computer]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=108}}</ref> [[John von Neumann|Von Neumann]]'s incomplete ''[[First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC]]'' had predated Turing's paper, but it was much less detailed and, according to [[John R. Womersley]], Superintendent of the NPL Mathematics Division, it "contains a number of ideas which are Dr. Turing's own".<ref>{{cite web | last = Randell | first = Brian | author-link = Brian Randell | title = A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century: Colossus | year = 1980 | url = http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/books/papers/133.pdf | access-date = 27 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120127144927/http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/books/papers/133.pdf | archive-date = 27 January 2012 | url-status = live }} citing {{Cite journal | last = Womersley | first = J.R. | author-link = John R. Womersley | title = 'ACE' Machine Project | journal=Executive Committee, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex | date = 13 February 1946 }}</ref>citing
 
[[File:Alan Turing 78 High Street Hampton blue plaque.jpg|thumb|Plaque, 78 High Street, [[Hampton, London|Hampton]]|链接=Special:FilePath/Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg]]Between 1945 and 1947, Turing lived in [[Hampton, London|Hampton]], London,<ref>{{openplaque|1619}}</ref> while he worked on the design of the [[ACE (computer)|ACE]] (Automatic Computing Engine) at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory (NPL)]]. He presented a paper on 19 February 1946, which was the first detailed design of a [[stored-program computer]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=108}}</ref> [[John von Neumann|Von Neumann]]'s incomplete ''[[First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC]]'' had predated Turing's paper, but it was much less detailed and, according to [[John R. Womersley]], Superintendent of the NPL Mathematics Division, it "contains a number of ideas which are Dr. Turing's own".<ref>{{cite web | last = Randell | first = Brian | author-link = Brian Randell | title = A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century: Colossus | year = 1980 | url = http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/books/papers/133.pdf | access-date = 27 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120127144927/http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/books/papers/133.pdf | archive-date = 27 January 2012 | url-status = live }} citing {{Cite journal | last = Womersley | first = J.R. | author-link = John R. Womersley | title = 'ACE' Machine Project | journal=Executive Committee, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex | date = 13 February 1946 }}</ref>citing
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【最终版】他的图灵测试是一个重要的、具有代表性的、具有挑衅性的、对有关人工智能的辩论的持久贡献，这场辩论持续了半个多世纪。
 
【最终版】他的图灵测试是一个重要的、具有代表性的、具有挑衅性的、对有关人工智能的辩论的持久贡献，这场辩论持续了半个多世纪。
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===Pattern formation and mathematical biology===
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===Pattern formation and mathematical biology模式形成和数学生物学===
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===模式形成和数学生物学 ===
   
When Turing was 39 years old in 1951, he turned to [[Mathematical and theoretical biology|mathematical biology]], finally publishing his masterpiece "[[The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis]]" in January 1952. He was interested in [[morphogenesis]], the development of patterns and shapes in biological organisms. He suggested that a system of chemicals reacting with each other and diffusing across space, termed a [[reaction–diffusion system]], could account for "the main phenomena of morphogenesis".<ref>{{cite journal | first=Alan M. | last=Turing | author-link=Alan Turing | title=The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B | date=14 August 1952 | doi=10.1098/rstb.1952.0012 | volume=237 | number=641 | pages=37–72 | bibcode=1952RSPTB.237...37T | s2cid=120437796 }}</ref> He used systems of [[partial differential equations]] to model catalytic chemical reactions. For example, if a catalyst A is required for a certain chemical reaction to take place, and if the reaction produced more of the catalyst A, then we say that the reaction is [[autocatalytic]], and there is positive feedback that can be modelled by nonlinear differential equations. Turing discovered that patterns could be created if the chemical reaction not only produced catalyst A, but also produced an inhibitor B that slowed down the production of A. If A and B then diffused through the container at different rates, then you could have some regions where A dominated and some where B did. To calculate the extent of this, Turing would have needed a powerful computer, but these were not so freely available in 1951, so he had to use linear approximations to solve the equations by hand. These calculations gave the right qualitative results, and produced, for example, a uniform mixture that oddly enough had regularly spaced fixed red spots. The Russian biochemist [[Boris Pavlovich Belousov|Boris Belousov]] had performed experiments with similar results, but could not get his papers published because of the contemporary prejudice that any such thing violated the [[second law of thermodynamics]]. Belousov was not aware of Turing's paper in the ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]''.<ref>John Gribbin, ''Deep Simplicity'', p. 126, Random House, 2004</ref>John Gribbin, Deep Simplicity, p. 126, Random House, 2004
 
When Turing was 39 years old in 1951, he turned to [[Mathematical and theoretical biology|mathematical biology]], finally publishing his masterpiece "[[The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis]]" in January 1952. He was interested in [[morphogenesis]], the development of patterns and shapes in biological organisms. He suggested that a system of chemicals reacting with each other and diffusing across space, termed a [[reaction–diffusion system]], could account for "the main phenomena of morphogenesis".<ref>{{cite journal | first=Alan M. | last=Turing | author-link=Alan Turing | title=The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B | date=14 August 1952 | doi=10.1098/rstb.1952.0012 | volume=237 | number=641 | pages=37–72 | bibcode=1952RSPTB.237...37T | s2cid=120437796 }}</ref> He used systems of [[partial differential equations]] to model catalytic chemical reactions. For example, if a catalyst A is required for a certain chemical reaction to take place, and if the reaction produced more of the catalyst A, then we say that the reaction is [[autocatalytic]], and there is positive feedback that can be modelled by nonlinear differential equations. Turing discovered that patterns could be created if the chemical reaction not only produced catalyst A, but also produced an inhibitor B that slowed down the production of A. If A and B then diffused through the container at different rates, then you could have some regions where A dominated and some where B did. To calculate the extent of this, Turing would have needed a powerful computer, but these were not so freely available in 1951, so he had to use linear approximations to solve the equations by hand. These calculations gave the right qualitative results, and produced, for example, a uniform mixture that oddly enough had regularly spaced fixed red spots. The Russian biochemist [[Boris Pavlovich Belousov|Boris Belousov]] had performed experiments with similar results, but could not get his papers published because of the contemporary prejudice that any such thing violated the [[second law of thermodynamics]]. Belousov was not aware of Turing's paper in the ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]''.<ref>John Gribbin, ''Deep Simplicity'', p. 126, Random House, 2004</ref>John Gribbin, Deep Simplicity, p. 126, Random House, 2004
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【最终版】尽管在DNA的结构和作用被理解之前，图灵就发表了这篇论文，但他在形态发生方面的研究在今天仍然具有重要意义，并被认为是数学生物学领域的一项开创性工作。图灵论文的早期应用之一是詹姆斯·默里(James Murray)对大大小小的猫毛上的斑点和条纹的解释。詹姆斯穆雷,豹的斑点,《科学美国人》,第258卷,3号,p。80年,1988年3月詹姆斯·莫里数学生物学,2007年,第6章,施普林格VerlagJohn Gibbin,深简单,p。134年,兰登书屋,2004年在该地区进一步的研究表明,图灵的工作可以部分解释的增长“羽毛,毛囊,肺的分支模式，甚至是左右不对称，使得心脏位于胸腔的左侧。”2012年，Sheth等人在老鼠身上发现，去除Hox基因会导致手指数量的增加，但不会增加肢体的整体尺寸，这表明Hox基因通过调节图灵型机制的波长来控制手指的形成。后来的论文直到1992年出版的《图灵作品集》才公开。
 
【最终版】尽管在DNA的结构和作用被理解之前，图灵就发表了这篇论文，但他在形态发生方面的研究在今天仍然具有重要意义，并被认为是数学生物学领域的一项开创性工作。图灵论文的早期应用之一是詹姆斯·默里(James Murray)对大大小小的猫毛上的斑点和条纹的解释。詹姆斯穆雷,豹的斑点,《科学美国人》,第258卷,3号,p。80年,1988年3月詹姆斯·莫里数学生物学,2007年,第6章,施普林格VerlagJohn Gibbin,深简单,p。134年,兰登书屋,2004年在该地区进一步的研究表明,图灵的工作可以部分解释的增长“羽毛,毛囊,肺的分支模式，甚至是左右不对称，使得心脏位于胸腔的左侧。”2012年，Sheth等人在老鼠身上发现，去除Hox基因会导致手指数量的增加，但不会增加肢体的整体尺寸，这表明Hox基因通过调节图灵型机制的波长来控制手指的形成。后来的论文直到1992年出版的《图灵作品集》才公开。
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==Personal life==
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==Personal life个人生活==
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== 个人生活 ==
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=== Engagement订婚 ===
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=== Engagement ===
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=== 订婚 ===
   
In 1941, Turing proposed marriage to Hut 8 colleague [[Joan Clarke]], a fellow mathematician and cryptanalyst, but their engagement was short-lived. After admitting his homosexuality to his fiancée, who was reportedly "unfazed" by the revelation, Turing decided that he could not go through with the marriage.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=176–178}}</ref>
 
In 1941, Turing proposed marriage to Hut 8 colleague [[Joan Clarke]], a fellow mathematician and cryptanalyst, but their engagement was short-lived. After admitting his homosexuality to his fiancée, who was reportedly "unfazed" by the revelation, Turing decided that he could not go through with the marriage.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=176–178}}</ref>
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【最终版】1941年，图灵向8号营房的同事、数学家兼密码分析师琼·克拉克求婚，但他们的订婚期很短。图灵在他的fiancée网站上承认了自己的同性恋身份，据报道，图灵对这一爆料“并不担心”。之后，图灵决定他不能继续这段婚姻。
 
【最终版】1941年，图灵向8号营房的同事、数学家兼密码分析师琼·克拉克求婚，但他们的订婚期很短。图灵在他的fiancée网站上承认了自己的同性恋身份，据报道，图灵对这一爆料“并不担心”。之后，图灵决定他不能继续这段婚姻。
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===Conviction for indecency===
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===Conviction for indecency因猥亵而被定罪===
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=== 因猥亵而被定罪 ===
   
In January 1952, Turing was 39 when he started a relationship with Arnold Murray, a 19-year-old unemployed man. Just before Christmas, Turing was walking along Manchester's [[Wilmslow Road|Oxford Road]] when he met Murray just outside the [[Dancehouse|Regal Cinema]] and invited him to lunch. On 23 January, Turing's house was burgled. Murray told Turing that he and the burglar were acquainted, and Turing reported the crime to the police. During the investigation, he acknowledged a sexual relationship with Murray. Homosexual acts were criminal offences in the United Kingdom at that time,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=458}}</ref> and both men were charged with "[[gross indecency]]" under [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885#Section 11|Section 11]] of the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]].<ref name="LeavittP268">{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=268}}</ref> Initial [[committal procedure|committal proceedings]] for the trial were held on 27 February during which Turing's solicitor "reserved his defence", i.e., did not argue or provide evidence against the allegations.
 
In January 1952, Turing was 39 when he started a relationship with Arnold Murray, a 19-year-old unemployed man. Just before Christmas, Turing was walking along Manchester's [[Wilmslow Road|Oxford Road]] when he met Murray just outside the [[Dancehouse|Regal Cinema]] and invited him to lunch. On 23 January, Turing's house was burgled. Murray told Turing that he and the burglar were acquainted, and Turing reported the crime to the police. During the investigation, he acknowledged a sexual relationship with Murray. Homosexual acts were criminal offences in the United Kingdom at that time,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=458}}</ref> and both men were charged with "[[gross indecency]]" under [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885#Section 11|Section 11]] of the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]].<ref name="LeavittP268">{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=268}}</ref> Initial [[committal procedure|committal proceedings]] for the trial were held on 27 February during which Turing's solicitor "reserved his defence", i.e., did not argue or provide evidence against the allegations.
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【最终版】图灵被定罪后，他的安全权限被取消，也被禁止继续担任英国信号情报机构政府通信总部(GCHQ)的密码顾问，但他保留了学术工作。GCHQ是1946年由GC&CS演变而来的。1952年他被定罪后，美国拒绝他入境，但他可以自由访问其他欧洲国家。
 
【最终版】图灵被定罪后，他的安全权限被取消，也被禁止继续担任英国信号情报机构政府通信总部(GCHQ)的密码顾问，但他保留了学术工作。GCHQ是1946年由GC&CS演变而来的。1952年他被定罪后，美国拒绝他入境，但他可以自由访问其他欧洲国家。
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===Death===
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===Death死亡===
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=== 死亡 ===
   
[[File:Turing_Plaque.jpg|thumb|right|A blue plaque on the house at 43 Adlington Road, [[Wilmslow]] where Turing lived and died<ref name="copperfolly">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703105309/https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBWSRSWIS210139/WIS210139_WIS21003746.PDF|archive-date=3 July 2021|url=https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBWSRSWIS210139/WIS210139_WIS21003746.PDF|website=savills.com|author=Anon|year=2021|title=Turing's House: Copper Folly, 43 Adlington Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire, SK9 2BJ}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Turing_Plaque.jpg]]On 8 June 1954, at his house at 43 Adlington Road, [[Wilmslow]],<ref name="copperfolly" /> Turing's housekeeper found him dead. He had died the previous day at the age of 41. [[Cyanide poisoning]] was established as the cause of death.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing#toc330986 |title=Alan Turing. Biography, Facts, & Education |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011184445/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing#toc330986 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> When his body was discovered, an apple lay half-eaten beside his bed, and although the apple was not tested for cyanide,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=488}}</ref> it was speculated that this was the means by which Turing had consumed a fatal dose. An [[Inquests in England and Wales|inquest]] determined that he had committed suicide. Andrew Hodges and another biographer, [[David Leavitt]], have both speculated that Turing was re-enacting a scene from the [[Walt Disney]] film ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937), his favourite fairy tale. Both men noted that (in Leavitt's words) he took "an especially keen pleasure in the scene where the Wicked Queen immerses her apple in the poisonous brew".<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=140}} and {{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=149, 489}}</ref> Turing's remains were cremated at [[Woking Crematorium]] on 12 June 1954,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=529}}</ref> and his ashes were scattered in the gardens of the crematorium, just as his father's had been.<ref name="hodges2012">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpAl0piM38cC |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |date=2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4481-3781-7 |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117070027/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EpAl0piM38cC |archive-date=17 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
[[File:Turing_Plaque.jpg|thumb|right|A blue plaque on the house at 43 Adlington Road, [[Wilmslow]] where Turing lived and died<ref name="copperfolly">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703105309/https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBWSRSWIS210139/WIS210139_WIS21003746.PDF|archive-date=3 July 2021|url=https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBWSRSWIS210139/WIS210139_WIS21003746.PDF|website=savills.com|author=Anon|year=2021|title=Turing's House: Copper Folly, 43 Adlington Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire, SK9 2BJ}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Turing_Plaque.jpg]]On 8 June 1954, at his house at 43 Adlington Road, [[Wilmslow]],<ref name="copperfolly" /> Turing's housekeeper found him dead. He had died the previous day at the age of 41. [[Cyanide poisoning]] was established as the cause of death.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing#toc330986 |title=Alan Turing. Biography, Facts, & Education |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011184445/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing#toc330986 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> When his body was discovered, an apple lay half-eaten beside his bed, and although the apple was not tested for cyanide,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=488}}</ref> it was speculated that this was the means by which Turing had consumed a fatal dose. An [[Inquests in England and Wales|inquest]] determined that he had committed suicide. Andrew Hodges and another biographer, [[David Leavitt]], have both speculated that Turing was re-enacting a scene from the [[Walt Disney]] film ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937), his favourite fairy tale. Both men noted that (in Leavitt's words) he took "an especially keen pleasure in the scene where the Wicked Queen immerses her apple in the poisonous brew".<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=140}} and {{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=149, 489}}</ref> Turing's remains were cremated at [[Woking Crematorium]] on 12 June 1954,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=529}}</ref> and his ashes were scattered in the gardens of the crematorium, just as his father's had been.<ref name="hodges2012">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpAl0piM38cC |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |date=2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4481-3781-7 |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117070027/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EpAl0piM38cC |archive-date=17 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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【最终版】有人认为，图灵对算命的信仰可能是他情绪低落的原因。图灵年轻时，一个算命先生说他会是个天才。1954年5月中旬，就在图灵去世前不久，他和格林鲍姆一家去海边的圣安妮一日游时，又决定请教算命先生。据格林鲍姆的女儿芭芭拉说:但那天阳光明媚，艾伦心情也很好，我们就出发了……然后他觉得去布莱克浦的快乐海滩是个好主意。我们找到了一个算命人的帐篷，艾伦说他想进去，所以我们在附近等他回来……这张阳光、愉快的脸已萎缩成一张苍白、颤抖、惊恐的脸。发生了什么事。我们不知道算命先生说了什么，但他显然非常不高兴。我想那可能是我们最后一次见他在我们听说他自杀之前。
 
【最终版】有人认为，图灵对算命的信仰可能是他情绪低落的原因。图灵年轻时，一个算命先生说他会是个天才。1954年5月中旬，就在图灵去世前不久，他和格林鲍姆一家去海边的圣安妮一日游时，又决定请教算命先生。据格林鲍姆的女儿芭芭拉说:但那天阳光明媚，艾伦心情也很好，我们就出发了……然后他觉得去布莱克浦的快乐海滩是个好主意。我们找到了一个算命人的帐篷，艾伦说他想进去，所以我们在附近等他回来……这张阳光、愉快的脸已萎缩成一张苍白、颤抖、惊恐的脸。发生了什么事。我们不知道算命先生说了什么，但他显然非常不高兴。我想那可能是我们最后一次见他在我们听说他自杀之前。
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===Government apology and pardon===
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===Government apology and pardon政府道歉和赦免===
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=== 政府道歉和赦免 ===
   
In August 2009, British programmer John Graham-Cumming started a petition urging the British government to apologise for Turing's prosecution as a homosexual. The petition received more than 30,000 signatures.The petition was only open to UK citizens. The Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, acknowledged the petition, releasing a statement on 10 September 2009 apologising and describing the treatment of Turing as "appalling":Thousands of people have come together to demand justice for Alan Turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. While Turing was dealt with under the law of the time and we can't put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair and I am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we all are for what happened to him&amp;nbsp;... So on behalf of the British government, and all those who live freely thanks to Alan's work I am very proud to say: we're sorry, you deserved so much better.
 
In August 2009, British programmer John Graham-Cumming started a petition urging the British government to apologise for Turing's prosecution as a homosexual. The petition received more than 30,000 signatures.The petition was only open to UK citizens. The Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, acknowledged the petition, releasing a statement on 10 September 2009 apologising and describing the treatment of Turing as "appalling":Thousands of people have come together to demand justice for Alan Turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. While Turing was dealt with under the law of the time and we can't put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair and I am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we all are for what happened to him&amp;nbsp;... So on behalf of the British government, and all those who live freely thanks to Alan's work I am very proud to say: we're sorry, you deserved so much better.
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【最终版】2016年9月，政府宣布打算将这一追溯性豁免扩大到其他被判犯有类似历史猥亵罪的男性，这被称为“艾伦·图灵法”。艾伦·图灵法现在是英国对该法律的非正式说法，包含在2017年的《警察和犯罪法案》(police and Crime Act)中。《警察和犯罪法案》是一项大赦法，可以追溯性地赦免那些在禁止同性恋行为的历史立法中受到警告或被定罪的男性。这条法律适用于英格兰和威尔士。
 
【最终版】2016年9月，政府宣布打算将这一追溯性豁免扩大到其他被判犯有类似历史猥亵罪的男性，这被称为“艾伦·图灵法”。艾伦·图灵法现在是英国对该法律的非正式说法，包含在2017年的《警察和犯罪法案》(police and Crime Act)中。《警察和犯罪法案》是一项大赦法，可以追溯性地赦免那些在禁止同性恋行为的历史立法中受到警告或被定罪的男性。这条法律适用于英格兰和威尔士。
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==Legacy==
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==Legacy遗产==
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== 遗产 ==
   
{{main|Legacy of Alan Turing}}{{see also|List of things named after Alan Turing}}
 
{{main|Legacy of Alan Turing}}{{see also|List of things named after Alan Turing}}
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===Awards, honours, and tributes===
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===Awards, honours, and tributes奖励、荣誉和贡品===
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=== 奖励、荣誉和贡品 ===
   
[[File:Alan Turing Building 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Alan Turing Building]] at the University of Manchester in 2008|链接=Special:FilePath/Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg]]Turing was appointed an officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] in 1946.<ref name="thegazette.co.uk" /> He was also elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1951|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)]] in 1951.<ref name="frs" />
 
[[File:Alan Turing Building 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Alan Turing Building]] at the University of Manchester in 2008|链接=Special:FilePath/Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg]]Turing was appointed an officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] in 1946.<ref name="thegazette.co.uk" /> He was also elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1951|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)]] in 1951.<ref name="frs" />
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【最终版】1999年，《时代》杂志将图灵列为20世纪100位最重要的人物之一，并指出:“事实是，每一个敲击键盘、打开电子表格或文字处理程序的人，都在为图灵机的化身工作。”2012年6月23日，国王学院为纪念他诞辰100周年揭幕了一块蓝色的牌匾，现在它被安装在国王广场上的凯恩斯大楼。2021年3月25日，英格兰银行在6月23日(图灵生日)正式发行之前，公开了新的50英镑纸币的设计，上面有图灵的肖像。在2019年的公开提名过程中，图灵被选为纸币的新面孔。
 
【最终版】1999年，《时代》杂志将图灵列为20世纪100位最重要的人物之一，并指出:“事实是，每一个敲击键盘、打开电子表格或文字处理程序的人，都在为图灵机的化身工作。”2012年6月23日，国王学院为纪念他诞辰100周年揭幕了一块蓝色的牌匾，现在它被安装在国王广场上的凯恩斯大楼。2021年3月25日，英格兰银行在6月23日(图灵生日)正式发行之前，公开了新的50英镑纸币的设计，上面有图灵的肖像。在2019年的公开提名过程中，图灵被选为纸币的新面孔。
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===Centenary celebrations===
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===Centenary celebrations纪念庆祝活动===
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=== 纪念庆祝活动 ===
   
{{main|Alan Turing Year}}To mark the 100th anniversary of Turing's birth, the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee (TCAC) co-ordinated the [[Alan Turing Year]], a year-long programme of events around the world honouring Turing's life and achievements. The TCAC, chaired by [[S. Barry Cooper]] with Turing's nephew Sir John Dermot Turing acting as Honorary President, worked with the University of Manchester faculty members and a broad spectrum of people from Cambridge University and [[Bletchley Park]].  
 
{{main|Alan Turing Year}}To mark the 100th anniversary of Turing's birth, the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee (TCAC) co-ordinated the [[Alan Turing Year]], a year-long programme of events around the world honouring Turing's life and achievements. The TCAC, chaired by [[S. Barry Cooper]] with Turing's nephew Sir John Dermot Turing acting as Honorary President, worked with the University of Manchester faculty members and a broad spectrum of people from Cambridge University and [[Bletchley Park]].  
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【最终版】为了纪念图灵诞辰100周年，“图灵百年咨询委员会”(TCAC)协调了“图灵年”，这是一个为期一年的活动，在世界各地纪念图灵的一生和成就。TCAC由S. Barry Cooper担任主席，图灵的侄子John Dermot Turing担任名誉主席，与曼彻斯特大学的教职员工以及来自剑桥大学和布莱切利公园的广泛人士合作。
 
【最终版】为了纪念图灵诞辰100周年，“图灵百年咨询委员会”(TCAC)协调了“图灵年”，这是一个为期一年的活动，在世界各地纪念图灵的一生和成就。TCAC由S. Barry Cooper担任主席，图灵的侄子John Dermot Turing担任名誉主席，与曼彻斯特大学的教职员工以及来自剑桥大学和布莱切利公园的广泛人士合作。
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===Steel sculpture controversy===
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===Steel sculpture controversy钢雕塑争议===
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=== 钢雕塑争议 ===
   
In May 2020 it was reported by ''[[Gay Star News]]'' that a {{convert|12|foot|adj=on}} high steel sculpture, to honour Turing, designed by Sir [[Antony Gormley]], was planned to be installed at [[King's College, Cambridge]]. [[Historic England]], however, was quoted as saying that the abstract work of 19 steel slabs "... would be at odds with the existing character of the College. This would result in harm, of a less than substantial nature, to the significance of the [[listed building]]s and landscape, and by extension the conservation area."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/heritage-watchdog-objects-to-statue-of-gay-hero-alan-turing-at-kings-college-cambridge/ |title=Heritage watchdog objects to statue of gay hero Alan Turing at Kings College Cambridge |first=Tris |last=Reid-Smith |date=1 May 2020 |website=Gay Star News |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>
 
In May 2020 it was reported by ''[[Gay Star News]]'' that a {{convert|12|foot|adj=on}} high steel sculpture, to honour Turing, designed by Sir [[Antony Gormley]], was planned to be installed at [[King's College, Cambridge]]. [[Historic England]], however, was quoted as saying that the abstract work of 19 steel slabs "... would be at odds with the existing character of the College. This would result in harm, of a less than substantial nature, to the significance of the [[listed building]]s and landscape, and by extension the conservation area."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/heritage-watchdog-objects-to-statue-of-gay-hero-alan-turing-at-kings-college-cambridge/ |title=Heritage watchdog objects to statue of gay hero Alan Turing at Kings College Cambridge |first=Tris |last=Reid-Smith |date=1 May 2020 |website=Gay Star News |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>
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【最终版】2020年5月，据Gay Star News报道，一个模板:由Antony Gormley爵士设计的高钢雕塑，以纪念图灵，计划在剑桥大学国王学院安装。然而，历史上的英国，被引用说，19个钢筋板的抽象作品“…将与学院现有的性质相冲突。这将对上榜的建筑和景观的重要性造成损害，并进一步扩大到保护区。”
 
【最终版】2020年5月，据Gay Star News报道，一个模板:由Antony Gormley爵士设计的高钢雕塑，以纪念图灵，计划在剑桥大学国王学院安装。然而，历史上的英国，被引用说，19个钢筋板的抽象作品“…将与学院现有的性质相冲突。这将对上榜的建筑和景观的重要性造成损害，并进一步扩大到保护区。”
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==References==
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==References参考文献==
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
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===Sources===
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==Sources其他资源==
 
{{Refbegin|30em}}
 
{{Refbegin|30em}}
 
* {{Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = Turing and the Universal Machine | location = Duxford | publisher=Icon | year=2001 | isbn = 978-1-84046-250-0 }}
 
* {{Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = Turing and the Universal Machine | location = Duxford | publisher=Icon | year=2001 | isbn = 978-1-84046-250-0 }}
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*This 1986 Hugh Whitemore play tells the story of Turing's life and death. In the original West End and Broadway runs, Derek Jacobi played Turing and he recreated the role in a 1997 television film based on the play made jointly by the BBC and WGBH, Boston. The play is published by Amber Lane Press, Oxford, ASIN: B000B7TM0Q
 
*This 1986 Hugh Whitemore play tells the story of Turing's life and death. In the original West End and Broadway runs, Derek Jacobi played Turing and he recreated the role in a 1997 television film based on the play made jointly by the BBC and WGBH, Boston. The play is published by Amber Lane Press, Oxford, ASIN: B000B7TM0Q
 
*Williams, Michael R. (1985) A History of Computing Technology, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,
 
*Williams, Michael R. (1985) A History of Computing Technology, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,
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*
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===Sources===
   
*
 
*
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*Williams，Michael r. (1985) a History of Computing Technology，恩格尔伍德克利夫斯，新泽西: Prentice-Hall，
 
*Williams，Michael r. (1985) a History of Computing Technology，恩格尔伍德克利夫斯，新泽西: Prentice-Hall，
 
*
 
*
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==Further reading==
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==Further reading扩展阅读==
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===Articles===
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===Articles其他文章===
 
*{{cite journal| year=1950|last=Turing|first=Alan|title=Computing Machinery and Intelligence|journal=[[Mind (journal)|Mind]] |volume=49|issue=236|pages= 433–460 |url=https://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/471/papers/turing.pdf |doi=10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433}}
 
*{{cite journal| year=1950|last=Turing|first=Alan|title=Computing Machinery and Intelligence|journal=[[Mind (journal)|Mind]] |volume=49|issue=236|pages= 433–460 |url=https://www.csee.umbc.edu/courses/471/papers/turing.pdf |doi=10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433}}
 
*{{cite journal| title=The Mind and the Computing Machine: Alan Turing and others|journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]] |url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html |editor-first=B. Jack | editor-last=Copeland }}
 
*{{cite journal| title=The Mind and the Computing Machine: Alan Turing and others|journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]] |url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html |editor-first=B. Jack | editor-last=Copeland }}
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*
 
*
 
*
 
*
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===Books===
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===Books其他书籍===
 
*{{Citation |last= Bernhardt |first= Chris |title= Turing's Vision: The Birth of Computer Science |publisher= MIT Press |year= 2017 |isbn= 978-0-262-53351-5 }}
 
*{{Citation |last= Bernhardt |first= Chris |title= Turing's Vision: The Birth of Computer Science |publisher= MIT Press |year= 2017 |isbn= 978-0-262-53351-5 }}
 
*{{cite book| author-link1=Jack Copeland | last1=Copeland |first1=B. Jack | author-link2=Jonathan Bowen | last2=Bowen | first2=Jonathan P. | author-link3=Robin Wilson (mathematician) | last3=Wilson | first3=Robin | last4=Sprevak | first4=Mark | title=The Turing Guide | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date=2017 | isbn=978-0-19-874783-3 | title-link=The Turing Guide }}
 
*{{cite book| author-link1=Jack Copeland | last1=Copeland |first1=B. Jack | author-link2=Jonathan Bowen | last2=Bowen | first2=Jonathan P. | author-link3=Robin Wilson (mathematician) | last3=Wilson | first3=Robin | last4=Sprevak | first4=Mark | title=The Turing Guide | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date=2017 | isbn=978-0-19-874783-3 | title-link=The Turing Guide }}
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*(最初出版于1983年)电影《模仿游戏基本原理
 
*(最初出版于1983年)电影《模仿游戏基本原理
 
*(最初出版于1959年 w. Heffer & Sons，Ltd)
 
*(最初出版于1959年 w. Heffer & Sons，Ltd)
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==External links==
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==External links额外连接==
 
{{Commons category|Alan Turing}} {{Wikiquote}}
 
{{Commons category|Alan Turing}} {{Wikiquote}}
 
*[http://purl.umn.edu/107493 Oral history interview with Nicholas C. Metropolis], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota. Metropolis was the first director of computing services at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]; topics include the relationship between Turing and [[John von Neumann]]
 
*[http://purl.umn.edu/107493 Oral history interview with Nicholas C. Metropolis], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota. Metropolis was the first director of computing services at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]; topics include the relationship between Turing and [[John von Neumann]]
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