更改

5.6.3 因果论断的鲁棒性  Robustness of Causal Claims  172

5.6.3 因果论断的鲁棒性  Robustness of Causal Claims  172

=== 6 Simpson's Paradox, Confounding, and Collapsibility 173 ===

=== 6 辛普森悖论，混杂与可压缩性  Simpson's Paradox, Confounding, and Collapsibility 173 ===

'''6.1 Simpson's Paradox: An Anatomy 174'''

'''6.1 剖析辛普森悖论  Simpson's Paradox: An Anatomy 174'''

6.1.1 A Tale of a Non-Paradox 174

6.1.1 一个有关悖论的示例  A Tale of a Non-Paradox 174

6.1.2 A Tale of Statistical Agony 175

6.1.2 统计学中苦恼的事情  A Tale of Statistical Agony 175

6.1.3 Causality versus Exchangeability 177

6.1.3 Causality versus Exchangeability 177