A market is a composition of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations or infrastructures whereby part
…economic system as being coordinated by the price mechanism....in economic theory we find that the allocation of factors of production between different uses
178 KB（19,982个字） - 2022年6月29日 (三) 14:16
…isms<ref>Grzegorz Rozenberg and Arto Salomaa. The mathematical theory of L systems (Academic Press, New York, 1980). {{ISBN|0-12-597140-0}}</ref> and can be…
…r of plant cells and to model the growth processes of plant development. L-systems have also been used to model the morphology of a variety of organisms and…
54 KB（6,635个字） - 2020年5月8日 (五) 13:40
…ife and consciousness appear to have strikingly comparable self-generating systems. What alternate structure would be the most probable if this assumption hol
…tain a deeper knowledge of the self-generating structure of complex living systems, Swarma Club's scientist Xiaomuqiu (Qiu Weiyi) teamed forces with Zhou Liqi
38 KB（5,242个字） - 2022年6月15日 (三) 19:45
…o design methodology,<ref>https://systemic-design.org/</ref> integrating [[systems thinking]] and [[human-centred design]], with the intention of helping desi
…ign intends to develop methodologies and approaches that help to integrate systems thinking with design towards sustainability at the environmental, social an
34 KB（3,670个字） - 2022年6月29日 (三) 14:28
…tical biology focuses on the use of mathematical tools to study biological systems, even though the two terms are sometimes interchanged.<ref>{{cite journal…
…tical biology focuses on the use of mathematical tools to study biological systems, even though the two terms are sometimes interchanged.
75 KB（8,339个字） - 2022年6月10日 (五) 19:25
{{Short description|Subject of study in ergodic theory}}
…articular, most [[dissipative system|non-dissipative]] systems) as well as systems in [[thermodynamic equilibrium]].
46 KB（5,956个字） - 2021年12月1日 (三) 11:31
{{Recommender systems}}
…[consensus]], [[social capital]] and '''''formalisms''''' such as [[voting systems]], [[social media]] and other means of quantifying mass activity.<ref name=
245 KB（27,545个字） - 2021年7月20日 (二) 17:39
…sion theory overlaps with [[proof theory]] and [[effective descriptive set theory]].
…recursion theory overlaps with proof theory and effective descriptive set theory.
111 KB（13,210个字） - 2021年2月3日 (三) 23:25
…ServidorParalelo.jpg|thumb|right|[[#Queueing networks|Queue networks]] are systems in which single queues are connected by a routing network. In this image,…
…ueue lengths and waiting time can be predicted.<ref name="sun" /> Queueing theory is generally considered a branch of [[operations research]] because the res
66 KB（8,007个字） - 2022年6月14日 (二) 17:36
== Relative Entropy in Biological Systems ==
…ilibrium in biological systems. The replicator equation, evolutionary game theory, Markov processes and chemical reaction networks all describe the dynamics
79 KB（11,612个字） - 2020年10月14日 (三) 22:13
标签：Complex Systems, Data Science
…me Theory, Social Systems, Social Science, Agent-Based Modeling, Dynamical Systems
53 KB（882个字） - 2020年10月14日 (三) 21:54
…with perturbations of the system itself. Variants of this notion apply to systems of [[ordinary differential equation]]s, [[vector field]]s on [[smooth manif
…with perturbations of the system itself. Variants of this notion apply to systems of ordinary differential equations, vector fields on smooth manifolds and…
23 KB（2,680个字） - 2021年11月17日 (三) 17:44
…ption|Scientific study of the Earth's spheres and their natural integrated systems}}
…interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems.]]
40 KB（4,607个字） - 2022年1月26日 (三) 21:41
The Organization of living systems
* John Minger:《Selfproducing systems-- Implications and Applications of Autopoiesis》一书第二章
80 KB（6,761个字） - 2020年10月21日 (三) 23:37
A '''dissipative system''' is a thermodynamically [[open system (systems theory)|open system]] which is operating out of, and often far from, [[thermodynam
…breaking ([[anisotropy]]) and the formation of complex, sometimes [[Chaos theory|chaotic]], structures where interacting particles exhibit long range correl
22 KB（2,237个字） - 2022年1月18日 (二) 17:17
…/fractalfoundation.org/resources/what-is-chaos-theory/|title=What is Chaos Theory? – Fractal Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref> [[蝴
…Stephen H. |title = In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamical Systems |url = https://archive.org/details/inwakeofchaosunp0000kell |url-access =…
93 KB（7,954个字） - 2020年7月18日 (六) 14:26
…nmental increase, resulting in a net increase in entropy. Examples of such systems and phenomena include the formation of typical crystals, the workings of a
…nmental increase, resulting in a net increase in entropy. Examples of such systems and phenomena include the formation of typical crystals, the workings of a
77 KB（9,110个字） - 2022年3月28日 (一) 03:19
In the mathematical theory of probability, the '''drift-plus-penalty method''' is used for optimizatio
…method is used for optimization of queueing networks and other stochastic systems.
102 KB（13,288个字） - 2022年6月14日 (二) 17:35
…{{Cite book|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|date=2007-01-01|pu
…_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=
35 KB（2,235个字） - 2020年11月21日 (六) 00:10
…16}}</ref>。系统由其时空边界所描述，被其所处环境包围并影响；系统也由其结构和目的所描述，表达为其功能。系统是'''系统理论 systems theory'''的研究对象。
…Media Research: Technology, Art and Communication: Critical Voices in Art, Theory and Culture
23 KB（1,157个字） - 2022年4月18日 (一) 18:46