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In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution. In brief, James Mark Baldwin and others suggested during the eclipse of Darwinism in the late 19th century that an organism's ability to learn new behaviors (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckian evolution, Lamarck proposed that living things inherited their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern synthesis.

In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect describes the effect of learned behavior on evolution. In brief, James Mark Baldwin and others suggested during the eclipse of Darwinism in the late 19th century that an organism's ability to learn new behaviors (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckian evolution, Lamarck proposed that living things inherited their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern synthesis.

在'''演化生物学 Evolutionary Biology'''中，'''鲍德温效应 Baldwin Effect'''描述了习得行为对进化的影响。简而言之，在19世纪末'''达尔文主义 Darwinism'''的衰落期间，'''詹姆斯·马克·鲍德温 James Mark Baldwin'''及其他一些人提出，生物体学习新行为的能力（如为了适应新的压力）会影响其繁殖，进而会通过'''自然选择 Natural Selection'''影响其物种的基因组成。这个过程似乎与'''拉马克主义 Lamarckism'''中相似，但拉马克认为生物继承了其父母后天获得的特性。鲍德温效应已独立提出过多次，如今普遍认为其为'''现代进化综论 Modern Evolutionary Synthesis'''的一部分。

在'''<font color="#ff8000">演化生物学 Evolutionary Biology</font>'''中，'''<font color="#ff8000">鲍德温效应 Baldwin Effect</font>'''描述了习得行为对进化的影响。简而言之，在19世纪末'''<font color="#ff8000">达尔文主义 Darwinism</font>'''的衰落期间，'''詹姆斯·马克·鲍德温 James Mark Baldwin'''及其他一些人提出，生物体学习新行为的能力（如为了适应新的压力）会影响其繁殖，进而会通过'''<font color="#ff8000">自然选择 Natural Selection,/font>'''影响其物种的基因组成。这个过程似乎与'''<font color="#ff8000">拉马克主义 Lamarckism</font>'''中相似，但拉马克认为生物继承了其父母后天获得的特性。鲍德温效应已独立提出过多次，如今普遍认为其为'''<font color="#ff8000">现代进化综论 Modern Evolutionary Synthesis</font>'''的一部分。

into the hereditary substance in a Lamarckian fashion, but the process would really be neo-Darwinian.

into the hereditary substance in a Lamarckian fashion, but the process would really be neo-Darwinian.

如果动物处于新环境或其原来所处的环境急剧变化，那些能够通过学习新行为或自身基因适应来灵活作出反应的动物会自然地留存下来。这些幸存者，经过几代之后，有机会自发地表现出与他们获得的特征相似的先天变异，并让其经自然选择而留存。看上去获得性特征以拉马克的方式留在了遗传物质上，但这个过程实际上是'''新达尔文主义 Neo-Darwinism'''的。

如果动物处于新环境或其原来所处的环境急剧变化，那些能够通过学习新行为或自身基因适应来灵活作出反应的动物会自然地留存下来。这些幸存者，经过几代之后，有机会自发地表现出与他们获得的特征相似的先天变异，并让其经自然选择而留存。看上去获得性特征以拉马克的方式留在了遗传物质上，但这个过程实际上是'''<font color="#ff8000">新达尔文主义 Neo-Darwinism</font>'''的。

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Selected offspring would tend to have an increased capacity for learning new skills rather than being confined to genetically coded, relatively fixed abilities. In effect, it places emphasis on the fact that the sustained behavior of a species or group can shape the evolution of that species. The "Baldwin effect" is better understood in evolutionary developmental biology literature as a scenario in which a character or trait change occurring in an organism as a result of its interaction with its environment becomes gradually assimilated into its developmental genetic or epigenetic repertoire (Simpson, 1953; Newman, 2002). In the words of Daniel Dennett,

Selected offspring would tend to have an increased capacity for learning new skills rather than being confined to genetically coded, relatively fixed abilities. In effect, it places emphasis on the fact that the sustained behavior of a species or group can shape the evolution of that species. The "Baldwin effect" is better understood in evolutionary developmental biology literature as a scenario in which a character or trait change occurring in an organism as a result of its interaction with its environment becomes gradually assimilated into its developmental genetic or epigenetic repertoire (Simpson, 1953; Newman, 2002). In the words of Daniel Dennett,

被选择留存的后代往往具有更强的学习新技能的能力，而不仅局限于基因编码的相对固定的能力。实际上，它强调以下事实：一个物种或群体的持续行为可以影响其进化。在'''演化发育生物学 Evolutionary developmental biology'''的文献中，“鲍德温效应”得到了更好的理解——生物体由于与其环境的相互作用而发生的的特征或性状变化逐渐被同化到其发育遗传或表观遗传库中。用'''丹尼尔·丹尼特 Daniel Dennett'''的话来说,

被选择留存的后代往往具有更强的学习新技能的能力，而不仅局限于基因编码的相对固定的能力。实际上，它强调以下事实：一个物种或群体的持续行为可以影响其进化。在'''<font color="#ff8000">演化发育生物学 Evolutionary developmental biology</font>'''的文献中，“鲍德温效应”得到了更好的理解——生物体由于与其环境的相互作用而发生的的特征或性状变化逐渐被同化到其发育遗传或表观遗传库中。用'''丹尼尔·丹尼特 Daniel Dennett'''的话来说,

As is to be expected from Stigler's law, subsequent research shows that Baldwin was not the first to identify the process; Douglas Spalding mentioned it in 1873.

As is to be expected from Stigler's law, subsequent research shows that Baldwin was not the first to identify the process; Douglas Spalding mentioned it in 1873.

正如'''斯蒂格勒定律 Stigler's Law'''所指，随后的研究表明，鲍德温并不是第一个发现这个过程的人; '''道格拉斯·斯波尔丁 Douglas Spalding'''在1873年提到过这个过程。

正如'''<font color="#ff8000">斯蒂格勒定律 Stigler's Law</font>'''所指，随后的研究表明，鲍德温并不是第一个发现这个过程的人; '''<font color="#ff8000">道格拉斯·斯波尔丁 Douglas Spalding</font>'''在1873年提到过这个过程。

Initially Baldwin's ideas were not incompatible with the prevailing, but uncertain, ideas about the mechanism of transmission of hereditary information and at least two other biologists put forward very similar ideas in 1896. In 1901, Maurice Maeterlinck referred to behavioural adaptations to prevailing climates in different species of bees as ‘what had merely been an idea, therefore, and opposed to instinct, has thus by slow degrees become an instinctive habit’. The Baldwin effect theory subsequently became more controversial, with scholars being split between "Baldwin boosters" and "Baldwin skeptics". The theory was first called the "Baldwin effect" by George Gaylord Simpson in 1953. In 1942, the evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley promoted the Baldwin effect as part of the modern synthesis, saying the concept had been unduly neglected by evolutionists.

Initially Baldwin's ideas were not incompatible with the prevailing, but uncertain, ideas about the mechanism of transmission of hereditary information and at least two other biologists put forward very similar ideas in 1896. In 1901, Maurice Maeterlinck referred to behavioural adaptations to prevailing climates in different species of bees as ‘what had merely been an idea, therefore, and opposed to instinct, has thus by slow degrees become an instinctive habit’. The Baldwin effect theory subsequently became more controversial, with scholars being split between "Baldwin boosters" and "Baldwin skeptics". The theory was first called the "Baldwin effect" by George Gaylord Simpson in 1953. In 1942, the evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley promoted the Baldwin effect as part of the modern synthesis, saying the concept had been unduly neglected by evolutionists.

最初，鲍德温的观点与广泛流传但未加验证的关于遗传信息传递机制的观点并不矛盾，且在1896年至少有两位生物学家提出了非常相似的观点。1901年，'''莫里斯·梅特林克 Maurice Maeterlinck'''提到不同种类的蜜蜂对当时气候的行为适应性，称其之前仅仅是一种想法，因此，与本能相反，慢慢地变成了一种本能的习惯。鲍德温效应理论随后变得更具争议性，学者们分为“鲍德温支持者”和“鲍德温怀疑论者”。1953年'''乔治·盖洛德·辛普森 George Gaylord Simpson'''首次命名该理论为“鲍德温效应”。1942年，进化生物学家'''朱利安·赫胥黎 Julian Huxley'''将鲍德温效应作为现代进化综论的一部分加以推广，称进化论者过度忽视了这一概念。

最初，鲍德温的观点与广泛流传但未加验证的关于遗传信息传递机制的观点并不矛盾，且在1896年至少有两位生物学家提出了非常相似的观点。1901年，'''<font color="#ff8000">莫里斯·梅特林克 Maurice Maeterlinck</font>'''提到不同种类的蜜蜂对当时气候的行为适应性，称其之前仅仅是一种想法，因此，与本能相反，慢慢地变成了一种本能的习惯。鲍德温效应理论随后变得更具争议性，学者们分为“鲍德温支持者”和“鲍德温怀疑论者”。1953年'''乔治·盖洛德·辛普森 George Gaylord Simpson'''首次命名该理论为“鲍德温效应”。1942年，进化生物学家'''朱利安·赫胥黎 Julian Huxley'''将鲍德温效应作为现代进化综论的一部分加以推广，称进化论者过度忽视了这一概念。

are typically evolutionary psychologists who are searching for scenarios in which a population can get itself by behavioral trial and error onto a "hard to find" part of the fitness landscape in which human brain, language, and mind can rapidly coevolve. They are searching for what Daniel Dennett, himself a Baldwin booster, calls an "evolutionary crane," an instrument to do some heavy lifting fast.

are typically evolutionary psychologists who are searching for scenarios in which a population can get itself by behavioral trial and error onto a "hard to find" part of the fitness landscape in which human brain, language, and mind can rapidly coevolve. They are searching for what Daniel Dennett, himself a Baldwin booster, calls an "evolutionary crane," an instrument to do some heavy lifting fast.

不过，'''戴维•迪皮尤 David Depew'''评论道: “令人惊讶的是，很多当代进化论理论家（其中大多数人自认为是现代进化综论的支持者），最近都成为了‘鲍德温支持者’，这些人是典型的致力于寻找“很难找到的”，群体可以通过行为试错达到人脑、语言和思维快速共同进化的适应性图景之场景的'''进化心理学 Evolutionary Psychology'''家。他们正在寻找被丹尼尔·丹尼特（鲍德温的支持者）所称的“进化起重机”（快速升高重物的工具）。

不过，'''戴维•迪皮尤 David Depew'''评论道: “令人惊讶的是，很多当代进化论理论家（其中大多数人自认为是现代进化综论的支持者），最近都成为了‘鲍德温支持者’，这些人是典型的致力于寻找“很难找到的”，群体可以通过行为试错达到人脑、语言和思维快速共同进化的适应性图景之场景的'''<font color="#ff8000">进化心理学 Evolutionary Psychology</font>'''家。他们正在寻找被丹尼尔·丹尼特（鲍德温的支持者）所称的“进化起重机”（快速升高重物的工具）。

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The Baldwin effect has been confused with, and sometimes conflated with, a different evolutionary theory also based on phenotypic plasticity, C. H. Waddington's genetic assimilation. The Baldwin effect includes genetic accommodation, of which one type is genetic assimilation.<!--more needed-->

The Baldwin effect has been confused with, and sometimes conflated with, a different evolutionary theory also based on phenotypic plasticity, C. H. Waddington's genetic assimilation. The Baldwin effect includes genetic accommodation, of which one type is genetic assimilation.<!--more needed-->

鲍德温效应与另一种同样基于'''表型可塑性 Henotypic Plasticity'''的进化理论——C.H.华丁顿的'''遗传同化 Genetic Assimilation'''相混淆，有时甚至混为一谈。实际上，鲍德温效应包括遗传调节，其中一种类型是遗传同化。

鲍德温效应与另一种同样基于'''<font color="#ff8000">表型可塑性 Henotypic Plasticity</font>'''的进化理论——C.H.华丁顿的'''<font color="#ff8000">遗传同化 Genetic Assimilation</font>'''相混淆，有时甚至混为一谈。实际上，鲍德温效应包括遗传调节，其中一种类型是遗传同化。