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In this particular example, there are also emergent properties—functions that are not seen at the lower level (e.g., cognition is not a property of neurons but is of the brain)—and a scalar quality (molecules are bigger than atoms, cells are bigger than molecules, etc.). Both of these concepts commonly exist in compositional hierarchies, but they are not a required general property. These level hierarchies are characterized by bi-directional causation. Upward causation involves lower-level entities causing some property of a higher level entity; children entities may interact to yield parent entities, and parents are composed at least partly by their children. Downward causation refers to the effect that the incorporation of entity x into a higher-level entity can have on xs properties and interactions. Furthermore, the entities found at each level are autonomous.

In this particular example, there are also emergent properties—functions that are not seen at the lower level (e.g., cognition is not a property of neurons but is of the brain)—and a scalar quality (molecules are bigger than atoms, cells are bigger than molecules, etc.). Both of these concepts commonly exist in compositional hierarchies, but they are not a required general property. These level hierarchies are characterized by bi-directional causation. Upward causation involves lower-level entities causing some property of a higher level entity; children entities may interact to yield parent entities, and parents are composed at least partly by their children. Downward causation refers to the effect that the incorporation of entity x into a higher-level entity can have on xs properties and interactions. Furthermore, the entities found at each level are autonomous.

在这个特定的例子中，还有一些<font color="#ff8000">涌现特性 emergent properties</font>——在较低层次上看不到的功能（例如<font color="#ff8000">认知 cognition</font>不是神经元的特性，而是大脑的特性）——以及标度特性（分子比原子大，细胞比分子大等等）。这两个概念通常都存在于组合层次结构中，但它们不是必要的一般属性。这些层次结构是拥有属性的双向因果关系。涉及较低层次实体的<font color="#ff8000">上向因果关系  Upward causation</font>导致较高层次实体的某些属性；子实体可以相互作用产生父实体，并且父实体至少部分由他们的子实体组成。<font color="#ff8000">下向因果关系 Downward causation</font>是指将实体 x 并入更高级别的实体可能对 x 的属性和相互作用产生的影响。此外，每个级别上的实体都是自治的。

在这个特定的例子中，还有一些<font color="#ff8000">涌现特性 emergent properties</font>——在较低层次上看不到的功能（例如<font color="#ff8000">认知 cognition</font>不是神经元的特性，而是大脑的特性）——以及标度特性（分子比原子大，细胞比分子大等等）。这两个概念通常都存在于组合层次结构中，但它们不是必要的一般属性。这些层次结构是拥有属性的双向因果关系。涉及较低层次实体的<font color="#ff8000">上向因果关系  Upward causation</font>导致较高层次实体的某些属性；子实体可以相互作用产生父实体，并且父实体至少部分由他们的子实体组成。<font color="#ff8000">下向因果关系 Downward causation</font>是指将实体 x 并入更高级别的实体可能对 x 的属性和相互作用产生的影响。此外，每个级别上的实体都是<font color="#ff8000">自治的 autonomous</font>。

==Contexts and applications==<!--if you change this section's title, please also change the wikilinks throughout the article that link to it! -->

==Contexts and applications==<!--if you change this section's title, please also change the wikilinks throughout the article that link to it! -->