更改

::<math>\Delta U_{\rm system} = Q - W</math>,

::<math>\Delta U_{\rm system} = Q - W</math>,

<math>\Delta U_{\rm system} = Q - W</math>,

::<math>\Delta U_{\rm system} = Q - W</math>,

 

系统 q-w / math,

::<math>\Delta U_{\rm system\,(full\,cycle)}=0</math>

::<math>\Delta U_{\rm system\,(full\,cycle)}=0</math>

<math>\Delta U_{\rm system\,(full\,cycle)}=0</math>

::<math>\Delta U_{\rm system\,(full\,cycle)}=0</math>

For the particular case of a thermally isolated system (adiabatically isolated), the change of the internal energy of an adiabatically isolated system can only be the result of the work added to the system, because the adiabatic assumption is:  0}}.

For the particular case of a thermally isolated system (adiabatically isolated), the change of the internal energy of an adiabatically isolated system can only be the result of the work added to the system, because the adiabatic assumption is:  0}}.

对于绝热系统（绝热隔离）的特殊情况，绝热隔离系统内能的变化只能是系统做功的结果，因为绝热假设是: 0}。

对于绝热系统（绝热隔离）的特殊情况，绝热隔离系统内能的变化只能是系统做功的结果，因为绝热假设是: {{math|''Q'' {{=}} 0}}。

::<math>\Delta U_{\rm system} = U_{\rm final} - U_{\rm initial} = W_{\rm in} - W_{\rm out} </math>

::<math>\Delta U_{\rm system} = U_{\rm final} - U_{\rm initial} = W_{\rm in} - W_{\rm out} </math>

<math>\Delta U_{\rm system} = U_{\rm final} - U_{\rm initial} = W_{\rm in} - W_{\rm out} </math>

::<math>\Delta U_{\rm system} = U_{\rm final} - U_{\rm initial} = W_{\rm in} - W_{\rm out} </math>

For  processes that include transfer of matter, a further statement is needed: 'With due account of the respective fiducial reference states of the systems, when two systems, which may be of different chemical compositions, initially separated only by an impermeable wall, and otherwise isolated, are combined into a new system by the thermodynamic operation of removal of the wall, then

For  processes that include transfer of matter, a further statement is needed: 'With due account of the respective fiducial reference states of the systems, when two systems, which may be of different chemical compositions, initially separated only by an impermeable wall, and otherwise isolated, are combined into a new system by the thermodynamic operation of removal of the wall, then

For processes that include transfer of matter, a further statement is needed: 'With due account of the respective fiducial reference states of the systems, when two systems,'''<font color="#32CD32">which may be of different chemical compositions, initially separated only by an impermeable wall, and otherwise isolated, are combined into a new system by the thermodynamic operation of removal of the wall</font>''', then

For processes that include transfer of matter, a further statement is needed: 'With due account of the respective fiducial reference states of the systems, when two systems,'''<font color="#32CD32">which may be of different chemical compositions, initially separated only by an impermeable wall, and otherwise isolated, are combined into a new system by the thermodynamic operation of removal of the wall</font>''', then

对于包括物质转移的过程，还需要进一步的说明: ‘在充分考虑了各个系统的基准参考状态后，当两个系统---- '''<font color="#32CD32">它们可能由不同的化学成分组成，最初只是被防渗墙隔开，或者是被隔离---- 通过移除墙体的热力学操作结合成一个新系统</font>'''，那么

对于包括物质转移的过程，还需要进一步的说明: ‘在充分考虑了各个系统的基准参考状态后，当两个系统---- '''<font color="#32CD32">它们可能由不同的化学成分组成，最初只是被防渗墙隔开，或者是被隔离---- 通过移除墙体的热力学操作结合成一个新系统</font>'''，那么

::<math>U_{\rm system} = U_1 + U_2</math>,

::<math>U_{\rm system} = U_1 + U_2</math>,

<math>U_{\rm system} = U_1 + U_2</math>,

::<math>U_{\rm system} = U_1 + U_2</math>,

* The [[Conservation of energy|law of conservation of energy]].

* The [[Conservation of energy|law of conservation of energy]].

::This states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. However, energy can change forms, and energy can flow from one place to another. A particular consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that the total energy of an isolated system does not change.

::This states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. However, energy can change forms, and energy can flow from one place to another. A particular consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that the total energy of an isolated system does not change.

This states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. However, energy can change forms, and energy can flow from one place to another. A particular consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that the total energy of an isolated system does not change.

::This states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. However, energy can change forms, and energy can flow from one place to another. A particular consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that the total energy of an isolated system does not change.

能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭。但是，能量可以改变形式，能量可以从一个地方流动到另一个地方。能量守恒定律的一个特殊结果是，孤立系统的总能量不变。

::能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭。但是，能量可以改变形式，能量可以从一个地方流动到另一个地方。能量守恒定律的一个特殊结果是，孤立系统的总能量不变。

* The concept of [[internal energy]] and its relationship to temperature.<br>

* The concept of [[internal energy]] and its relationship to temperature.<br>

内能的概念及其与温度关系。

* 内能的概念及其与温度关系。

::If a system has a definite temperature, then its total energy has three distinguishable components. If the system is in motion as a whole, it has [[kinetic energy]]. If the system as a whole is in an externally imposed force field (e.g. gravity), it has [[potential energy]] relative to some reference point in space. Finally, it has internal energy, which is a fundamental quantity of thermodynamics. The establishment of the concept of internal energy distinguishes the first law of thermodynamics from the more general law of conservation of energy.

::If a system has a definite temperature, then its total energy has three distinguishable components. If the system is in motion as a whole, it has [[kinetic energy]]. If the system as a whole is in an externally imposed force field (e.g. gravity), it has [[potential energy]] relative to some reference point in space. Finally, it has internal energy, which is a fundamental quantity of thermodynamics. The establishment of the concept of internal energy distinguishes the first law of thermodynamics from the more general law of conservation of energy.

If a system has a definite temperature, then its total energy has three distinguishable components. If the system is in motion as a whole, it has kinetic energy. If the system as a whole is in an externally imposed force field (e.g. gravity), it has potential energy relative to some reference point in space. Finally, it has internal energy, which is a fundamental quantity of thermodynamics. The establishment of the concept of internal energy distinguishes the first law of thermodynamics from the more general law of conservation of energy.

::If a system has a definite temperature, then its total energy has three distinguishable components. If the system is in motion as a whole, it has kinetic energy. If the system as a whole is in an externally imposed force field (e.g. gravity), it has potential energy relative to some reference point in space. Finally, it has internal energy, which is a fundamental quantity of thermodynamics. The establishment of the concept of internal energy distinguishes the first law of thermodynamics from the more general law of conservation of energy.

如果系统具有确定的温度，则其总能量具有三个可区分的成分，分别称为动能（由与系统整体运动产生的能量），势能（由外部施加的立场产生的能量，比如重力）和内能（热热力学的基本量）。内能概念的确立将热力学第一定律与一般的能量守恒定律区分开来。

::如果系统具有确定的温度，则其总能量具有三个可区分的成分，分别称为动能（由与系统整体运动产生的能量），势能（由外部施加的立场产生的能量，比如重力）和内能（热热力学的基本量）。内能概念的确立将热力学第一定律与一般的能量守恒定律区分开来。

   ——Solitude(讨论)

   ——Solitude(讨论)

::<math>E_{\rm total} = \mathrm{KE}_{\rm system} + \mathrm{PE}_{\rm system} + U_{\rm system}</math>

::<math>E_{\rm total} = \mathrm{KE}_{\rm system} + \mathrm{PE}_{\rm system} + U_{\rm system}</math>

::<math>E_{\rm total} = \mathrm{KE}_{\rm system} + \mathrm{PE}_{\rm system} + U_{\rm system}</math>

 

<math>E_{\rm total} = \mathrm{KE}_{\rm system} + \mathrm{PE}_{\rm system} + U_{\rm system}</math>

::The internal energy of a substance can be explained as the sum of the diverse kinetic energies of the erratic microscopic motions of its constituent atoms, and of the potential energy of interactions between them. Those microscopic energy terms are collectively called the substance's internal energy, {{math|''U''}}, and are accounted for by  macroscopic thermodynamic property. The total of the kinetic energies of microscopic motions of the constituent atoms increases as the system's temperature increases; this assumes no other interactions at the microscopic level of the system such as chemical reactions, potential energy of constituent atoms with respect to each other.

::The internal energy of a substance can be explained as the sum of the diverse kinetic energies of the erratic microscopic motions of its constituent atoms, and of the potential energy of interactions between them. Those microscopic energy terms are collectively called the substance's internal energy, {{math|''U''}}, and are accounted for by  macroscopic thermodynamic property. The total of the kinetic energies of microscopic motions of the constituent atoms increases as the system's temperature increases; this assumes no other interactions at the microscopic level of the system such as chemical reactions, potential energy of constituent atoms with respect to each other.

The internal energy of a substance can be explained as the sum of the diverse kinetic energies of the erratic microscopic motions of its constituent atoms, and of the potential energy of interactions between them. Those microscopic energy terms are collectively called the substance's internal energy, , and are accounted for by  macroscopic thermodynamic property. The total of the kinetic energies of microscopic motions of the constituent atoms increases as the system's temperature increases; this assumes no other interactions at the microscopic level of the system such as chemical reactions, potential energy of constituent atoms with respect to each other.

::The internal energy of a substance can be explained as the sum of the diverse kinetic energies of the erratic microscopic motions of its constituent atoms, and of the potential energy of interactions between them. Those microscopic energy terms are collectively called the substance's internal energy, , and are accounted for by  macroscopic thermodynamic property. The total of the kinetic energies of microscopic motions of the constituent atoms increases as the system's temperature increases; this assumes no other interactions at the microscopic level of the system such as chemical reactions, potential energy of constituent atoms with respect to each other.

物质的内能可以解释为其组成原子的不规则微观运动的不同动能和它们之间相互作用的势能的总和。这些微观能量统称为物质的内能，并由宏观热力学性质来解释。组成原子的微观运动的总和随着系统温度的升高而增加; 这假设在系统的微观层次上没有其他的相互作用，例如化学反应、组成原子相互间的势能。

::物质的内能可以解释为其组成原子的不规则微观运动的不同动能和它们之间相互作用的势能的总和。这些微观能量统称为物质的内能，并由宏观热力学性质来解释。组成原子的微观运动的总和随着系统温度的升高而增加; 这假设在系统的微观层次上没有其他的相互作用，例如化学反应、组成原子相互间的势能。

* [[Work (physics)|Work]] is a process of transferring energy to or from a system in ways that can be described by macroscopic mechanical forces exerted by factors in the surroundings, outside the system. '''<font color="#32CD32">Examples are an externally driven shaft agitating a stirrer within the system, or an externally imposed electric field that polarizes the material of the system, or a piston that compresses the system.</font>''' Unless otherwise stated, it is customary to treat work as occurring without its [[dissipation]] to the surroundings. Practically speaking, in all natural process, some of the work is dissipated by internal friction or viscosity. The work done by the system can come from its overall kinetic energy, from its overall potential energy, or from its internal energy.

* [[Work (physics)|Work]] is a process of transferring energy to or from a system in ways that can be described by macroscopic mechanical forces exerted by factors in the surroundings, outside the system. '''<font color="#32CD32">Examples are an externally driven shaft agitating a stirrer within the system, or an externally imposed electric field that polarizes the material of the system, or a piston that compresses the system.</font>''' Unless otherwise stated, it is customary to treat work as occurring without its [[dissipation]] to the surroundings. Practically speaking, in all natural process, some of the work is dissipated by internal friction or viscosity. The work done by the system can come from its overall kinetic energy, from its overall potential energy, or from its internal energy.

做功是一种以某种方式向系统传递能量或从系统传递能量的过程，其方式可以用作用在系统外部及其周围环境之间的宏观机械力来描述。'''<font color="#32CD32">例如，外部驱动的轴在系统内搅动，或外部施加的电场使系统材料极化，或活塞压缩系统。</font>'''除非另有说明，习惯上把做功看作是在不影响周围环境的情况下发生的。实际上，在一切自然过程中，有些功是因内摩擦或粘黏而消失的。系统所做的功，可以来自于它的总动能，总势能或者它的内能。

* 做功是一种以某种方式向系统传递能量或从系统传递能量的过程，其方式可以用作用在系统外部及其周围环境之间的宏观机械力来描述。'''<font color="#32CD32">例如，外部驱动的轴在系统内搅动，或外部施加的电场使系统材料极化，或活塞压缩系统。</font>'''除非另有说明，习惯上把做功看作是在不影响周围环境的情况下发生的。实际上，在一切自然过程中，有些功是因内摩擦或粘黏而消失的。系统所做的功，可以来自于它的总动能，总势能或者它的内能。

::For example, when a machine (not a part of the system) lifts a system upwards, some energy is transferred from the machine to the system. The system's energy increases as work is done on the system and in this particular case, the energy increase of the system is manifested as an increase in the system's [[gravitational potential energy]]. Work added to the system increases the Potential Energy of the system:

::For example, when a machine (not a part of the system) lifts a system upwards, some energy is transferred from the machine to the system. The system's energy increases as work is done on the system and in this particular case, the energy increase of the system is manifested as an increase in the system's [[gravitational potential energy]]. Work added to the system increases the Potential Energy of the system:

For example, when a machine (not a part of the system) lifts a system upwards, some energy is transferred from the machine to the system. The system's energy increases as work is done on the system and in this particular case, the energy increase of the system is manifested as an increase in the system's gravitational potential energy. Work added to the system increases the Potential Energy of the system:

::For example, when a machine (not a part of the system) lifts a system upwards, some energy is transferred from the machine to the system. The system's energy increases as work is done on the system and in this particular case, the energy increase of the system is manifested as an increase in the system's gravitational potential energy. Work added to the system increases the Potential Energy of the system:

例如，当一台机器(不是系统的一部分)将系统向上提升时，一些能量就会从机器转移到系统。系统的能量随着系统所做功的增加而增加，在这种特殊的情况下，系统的能量增加表现为系统的重力势能的增加。机器将系统向上提升时对系统做的功增加了系统的势能:

::例如，当一台机器(不是系统的一部分)将系统向上提升时，一些能量就会从机器转移到系统。系统的能量随着系统所做功的增加而增加，在这种特殊的情况下，系统的能量增加表现为系统的重力势能的增加。机器将系统向上提升时对系统做的功增加了系统的势能:

   

   

:::<math>W = \Delta \mathrm{PE}_{\rm system}</math>

:::<math>W = \Delta \mathrm{PE}_{\rm system}</math>

<math>W = \Delta \mathrm{PE}_{\rm system}</math>

:::<math>W = \Delta \mathrm{PE}_{\rm system}</math>

::Or in general, the energy added to the system in the form of work can be partitioned to kinetic, potential or internal energy forms:

::Or in general, the energy added to the system in the form of work can be partitioned to kinetic, potential or internal energy forms:

Or in general, the energy added to the system in the form of work can be partitioned to kinetic, potential or internal energy forms:

::或者一般来说，以功的形式加入系统的能量可以分为动能、势能或内能:

:::<math>W = \Delta \mathrm{KE}_{\rm system}+\Delta \mathrm{PE}_{\rm system}+\Delta U_{\rm system}</math>

:::<math>W = \Delta \mathrm{KE}_{\rm system}+\Delta \mathrm{PE}_{\rm system}+\Delta U_{\rm system}</math>

* When matter is transferred into a system, that masses' associated internal energy and potential energy are transferred with it.<br>

* When matter is transferred into a system, that masses' associated internal energy and potential energy are transferred with it.<br>