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{{short description|The natural process by which life arises from non-living matter}}

{{short description|The natural process by which life arises from non-living matter}}

The earliest known life-forms on Earth are putative fossilized microorganisms, found in hydrothermal vent precipitates, that may have lived as early as 4.28 Gya (billion years ago), relatively soon after the oceans formed 4.41 Gya, and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 Gya.

The earliest known life-forms on Earth are putative fossilized microorganisms, found in hydrothermal vent precipitates, that may have lived as early as 4.28 Gya (billion years ago), relatively soon after the oceans formed 4.41 Gya, and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 Gya.

已知最早的生命形式是在热液喷口沉淀物中发现的假定化石微生物，它们可能早在42.8亿年前（10亿年前）就已生活，相对而言，在海洋形成后不久的44.1亿年前，以及地球形成后不久的45.4亿年前。

地球上已知最早的生命形式是在热液喷口沉淀物中发现的假定化石微生物，它们可能早在42.8亿年前就已活着，相对而言，是在44.1亿年前海洋形成的不久之后，以及是45.4亿年前地球形成的不长时间后。

In [[evolutionary biology]], '''abiogenesis''', or informally the '''origin of life''' (OoL),<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Oparin| first1 = Aleksandr Ivanovich| author-link1 = Alexander Oparin| translator1-last = Morgulis| translator1-first = Sergius| year = 1938| title = The Origin of Life| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv8psJCtI0gC| series = Phoenix Edition Series| edition = 2| location = Mineola, New York| publisher = Courier Corporation| publication-date = 2003| isbn = 978-0486495224| access-date = 2018-06-16}}</ref><ref name=Pereto /><ref name="AST-20151218">Compare: {{cite journal |author= Scharf, Caleb |title= A Strategy for Origins of Life Research |date= 18 December 2015 |journal= [[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]] |volume= 15 |issue= 12 |pages= 1031–1042 |doi= 10.1089/ast.2015.1113 |display-authors= etal |pmid= 26684503 |pmc= 4683543|bibcode= 2015AsBio..15.1031S | quote = What do we mean by the origins of life (OoL)? [...] Since the early 20th century the phrase OoL has been used to refer to the events that occurred during the transition from non-living to living systems on Earth, i.e., the origin of terrestrial biology (Oparin, 1924; Haldane, 1929). The term has largely replaced earlier concepts such as abiogenesis (Kamminga, 1980; Fry, 2000).}}</ref>{{efn|Also occasionally called biopoiesis (Bernal, 1960, p. 30)}} is the [[natural]] process by which [[life]] has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple [[organic compound]]s.<ref name=Oparin>{{harvnb|Oparin|1953|p=vi}}</ref><ref name=Pereto>{{cite journal|last= Peretó |first= Juli |year= 2005 |title= Controversies on the origin of life |url= http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf |journal= [[International Microbiology]] |volume= 8 |issue= 1 |pages= 23–31 |pmid= 15906258 |accessdate= 2015-06-01 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150824074726/http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf |archivedate= 24 August 2015 |quote = Ever since the historical contributions by Aleksandr I. Oparin, in the 1920s, the intellectual challenge of the origin of life enigma has unfolded based on the assumption that life originated on Earth through physicochemical processes that can be supposed, comprehended, and simulated; that is, there were neither miracles nor spontaneous generations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Warmflash |first1= David |last2= Warmflash |first2= Benjamin |date= November 2005 |title= Did Life Come from Another World? |journal= [[Scientific American]] |volume= 293 |issue= 5 |pages= 64–71 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican1105-64|pmid= 16318028 |bibcode= 2005SciAm.293e..64W | quote = According to the conventional hypothesis, the earliest living cells emerged as a result of chemical evolution on our planet billions of years ago in a process called abiogenesis.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yarus|2010|p=47}}</ref> While the details of this process are still unknown, the prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities was not a single event, but an evolutionary process of increasing complexity that involved molecular [[self-replication]], [[self-assembly]], [[autocatalysis]], and the emergence of [[cell membrane]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.biocommunication.at/pdf/publications/biosystems_2016.pdf |title=Crucial steps to life: From chemical reactions to code using agents|journal=Biosystems|volume=140|pages=49–57|doi=10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.12.007|pmid=26723230|year=2016|last1=Witzany|first1=Guenther}}</ref><ref name="AB-20141208">{{cite web |last= Howell |first= Elizabeth |title= How Did Life Become Complex, And Could It Happen Beyond Earth? |url= https://www.astrobio.net/origin-and-evolution-of-life/life-become-complex-happen-beyond-earth/ |date= 8 December 2014 |work= [[Astrobiology Magazine]] |accessdate= 14 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20150420">{{Cite book |last= Tirard |first= Stephane |title= Abiogenesis – Definition|date= 20 April 2015 |doi= 10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_2-4 |journal= Encyclopedia of Astrobiology|pages= 1 | quote = Thomas Huxley (1825–1895) used the term abiogenesis in an important text published in 1870. He strictly made the difference between spontaneous generation, which he did not accept, and the possibility of the evolution of matter from inert to living, without any influence of life. [...] Since the end of the nineteenth century, evolutive abiogenesis means increasing complexity and evolution of matter from inert to living state in the abiotic context of evolution of primitive Earth.

In [[evolutionary biology]], '''abiogenesis''', or informally the '''origin of life''' (OoL),<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Oparin| first1 = Aleksandr Ivanovich| author-link1 = Alexander Oparin| translator1-last = Morgulis| translator1-first = Sergius| year = 1938| title = The Origin of Life| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv8psJCtI0gC| series = Phoenix Edition Series| edition = 2| location = Mineola, New York| publisher = Courier Corporation| publication-date = 2003| isbn = 978-0486495224| access-date = 2018-06-16}}</ref><ref name=Pereto /><ref name="AST-20151218">Compare: {{cite journal |author= Scharf, Caleb |title= A Strategy for Origins of Life Research |date= 18 December 2015 |journal= [[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]] |volume= 15 |issue= 12 |pages= 1031–1042 |doi= 10.1089/ast.2015.1113 |display-authors= etal |pmid= 26684503 |pmc= 4683543|bibcode= 2015AsBio..15.1031S | quote = What do we mean by the origins of life (OoL)? [...] Since the early 20th century the phrase OoL has been used to refer to the events that occurred during the transition from non-living to living systems on Earth, i.e., the origin of terrestrial biology (Oparin, 1924; Haldane, 1929). The term has largely replaced earlier concepts such as abiogenesis (Kamminga, 1980; Fry, 2000).}}</ref>{{efn|Also occasionally called biopoiesis (Bernal, 1960, p. 30)}} is the [[natural]] process by which [[life]] has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple [[organic compound]]s.<ref name=Oparin>{{harvnb|Oparin|1953|p=vi}}</ref><ref name=Pereto>{{cite journal|last= Peretó |first= Juli |year= 2005 |title= Controversies on the origin of life |url= http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf |journal= [[International Microbiology]] |volume= 8 |issue= 1 |pages= 23–31 |pmid= 15906258 |accessdate= 2015-06-01 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150824074726/http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf |archivedate= 24 August 2015 |quote = Ever since the historical contributions by Aleksandr I. Oparin, in the 1920s, the intellectual challenge of the origin of life enigma has unfolded based on the assumption that life originated on Earth through physicochemical processes that can be supposed, comprehended, and simulated; that is, there were neither miracles nor spontaneous generations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Warmflash |first1= David |last2= Warmflash |first2= Benjamin |date= November 2005 |title= Did Life Come from Another World? |journal= [[Scientific American]] |volume= 293 |issue= 5 |pages= 64–71 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican1105-64|pmid= 16318028 |bibcode= 2005SciAm.293e..64W | quote = According to the conventional hypothesis, the earliest living cells emerged as a result of chemical evolution on our planet billions of years ago in a process called abiogenesis.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yarus|2010|p=47}}</ref> While the details of this process are still unknown, the prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities was not a single event, but an evolutionary process of increasing complexity that involved molecular [[self-replication]], [[self-assembly]], [[autocatalysis]], and the emergence of [[cell membrane]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.biocommunication.at/pdf/publications/biosystems_2016.pdf |title=Crucial steps to life: From chemical reactions to code using agents|journal=Biosystems|volume=140|pages=49–57|doi=10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.12.007|pmid=26723230|year=2016|last1=Witzany|first1=Guenther}}</ref><ref name="AB-20141208">{{cite web |last= Howell |first= Elizabeth |title= How Did Life Become Complex, And Could It Happen Beyond Earth? |url= https://www.astrobio.net/origin-and-evolution-of-life/life-become-complex-happen-beyond-earth/ |date= 8 December 2014 |work= [[Astrobiology Magazine]] |accessdate= 14 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20150420">{{Cite book |last= Tirard |first= Stephane |title= Abiogenesis – Definition|date= 20 April 2015 |doi= 10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_2-4 |journal= Encyclopedia of Astrobiology|pages= 1 | quote = Thomas Huxley (1825–1895) used the term abiogenesis in an important text published in 1870. He strictly made the difference between spontaneous generation, which he did not accept, and the possibility of the evolution of matter from inert to living, without any influence of life. [...] Since the end of the nineteenth century, evolutive abiogenesis means increasing complexity and evolution of matter from inert to living state in the abiotic context of evolution of primitive Earth. |isbn= 978-3-642-27833-4 }}</ref> Although the occurrence of abiogenesis is uncontroversial among scientists, its possible mechanisms are poorly understood. There are several principles and hypotheses for {{em|how}} abiogenesis could have occurred.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rethinking evolution: the revolution that's hiding in plain sight  |last=Levinson |first=Gene |publisher=World Scientific |year=2020 |isbn=978-1786347268 |url=https://rethinkingevolution.com/}}</ref>

In evolutionary biology, abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life (OoL), is the natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. While the details of this process are still unknown, the prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities was not a single event, but an evolutionary process of increasing complexity that involved molecular self-replication, self-assembly, autocatalysis, and the emergence of cell membranes. Although the occurrence of abiogenesis is uncontroversial among scientists, its possible mechanisms are poorly understood. There are several principles and hypotheses for abiogenesis could have occurred.

In evolutionary biology, abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life (OoL), is the natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. While the details of this process are still unknown, the prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities was not a single event, but an evolutionary process of increasing complexity that involved molecular self-replication, self-assembly, autocatalysis, and the emergence of cell membranes. Although the occurrence of abiogenesis is uncontroversial among scientists, its possible mechanisms are poorly understood. There are several principles and hypotheses for abiogenesis could have occurred.

在进化生物学中，自然发生，或通俗地称为生命起源（OoL），是生命从非生命物质（如简单的有机化合物）中产生的自然过程。 虽然这一过程的细节仍未可知，但主流的科学假说认为，从非生命实体到生命实体的转变不是一个单一的事件，而是一个越来越复杂的进化过程，其中包括分子的自我复制、自我组装、自动催化和细胞膜的出现.虽然自然发生的发生在科学家中是没有争议的，但其可能的机制我们却不甚了解。关于自然发生如何发生，有几种原理和假说。

在进化生物学中，自然发生，或通俗地称为生命起源（OoL），是生命从非生命物质（如简单的有机化合物）中产生的自然过程。 虽然这一过程的细节仍未可知，但主流的科学假说认为，从非生命实体到生命实体的转变不是一个单一的事件，而是一个复杂度逐渐增加的进化过程，其中包括分子的自复制、自组装、自催化和细胞膜的出现。虽然自然发生的发生在科学家中是没有争议的，但其可能的机制我们却不甚了解。关于自然发生如何发生，有几种原理和假说。

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美国宇航局关于自然发生的战略指出，有必要确定相互作用、中间结构和功能、能源和环境因素，这些因素有助于可进化的大分子系统的多样性、选择和复制.必须继续强调绘制潜在的原始信息聚合物的化学景观。能够复制、储存遗传信息并表现出受选择的特性的聚合物的出现，很可能是前生物化学进化出现的关键一步。

美国宇航局关于自然发生的战略指出，有必要确定相互作用、中间结构和功能、能源和环境因素，这些因素有助于可进化的大分子系统的多样性、选择和复制.必须继续强调绘制潜在的原始信息聚合物的化学景观。能够复制、储存遗传信息并表现出受选择的特性的聚合物的出现，很可能是前生物化学进化出现的关键一步。

== Thermodynamics, self-organization, and information: Physics ==

== Thermodynamics, self-organization, and information: Physics ==