9
个编辑
更改
跳到导航
跳到搜索
第1行：
第1行： − + 第47行：
第47行： − + 第61行：
第61行： − Alan Mathison Turing (; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.+ − 他是一位英国数学家、计算机科学家、逻辑学家、密码破译专家、哲学家和理论生物学家。图灵在理论计算机科学的发展中具有很大的影响力，他用图灵机将算法和计算的概念形式化，这可以被认为是通用计算机的模型。图灵被广泛认为是理论计算机科学和人工智能之父。+ − − − − Born in Maida Vale, London, Turing was raised in southern England. He graduated at King's College, Cambridge, with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a fellow at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a Turing machine, and went on to prove the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable. In 1938, he obtained his PhD from the Department of Mathematics at Princeton University. During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Axis powers in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic.A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both The Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see and A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See Official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the use of the atomic bomb and other eventualities. Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University − + − − After the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory, at the Victoria University of Manchester, where he helped develop the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act.Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15. 第79行：
第73行： − Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts. He accepted chemical castration treatment, with DES, as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.+ − 图灵在1952年因同性恋行为被起诉。他接受了药物洗脱支架的化学阉割治疗，作为监狱的替代方案。图灵1954年死于氰化物中毒，距他42岁生日还有16天。调查确定他的死因是自杀，但已知的证据也与意外中毒相符。+ − − − − In 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". Queen Elizabeth II granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The "Alan Turing law" is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts. Turing has an extensive legacy with statues of him and many things named after him, including an annual award for computer science innovations. He appears on the current Bank of England £50 note, which was released to coincide with his birthday. A 2019 BBC series, as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century. − ==Early life and education== − + − − Turing was born in Maida Vale, London, while his father, Julius Mathison Turing (1873–1947), was on leave from his position with the Indian Civil Service (ICS) at Chatrapur, then in the Madras Presidency and presently in Odisha state, in India. Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev. John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a baronet. Turing's mother, Julius's wife, was Ethel Sara Turing (; 1881–1976), daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the Madras Railways. The Stoneys were a Protestant Anglo-Irish gentry family from both County Tipperary and County Longford, while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in County Clare.Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. The Irish Times, 23 June 2012. − + − − Julius's work with the ICS brought the family to British India, where his grandfather had been a general in the Bengal Army. However, both Julius and Ethel wanted their children to be brought up in Britain, so they moved to Maida Vale, London, where Alan Turing was born on 23 June 1912, as recorded by a blue plaque on the outside of the house of his birth,The Scientific Tourist In London: #17 Alan Turing's Birth Place , Nature. London Blog later the Colonnade Hotel. Turing had an elder brother, John (the father of Sir John Dermot Turing, 12th Baronet of the Turing baronets).Sir John Dermot Turing on the Bletchley Park website. − − Turing's father's civil service commission was still active and during Turing's childhood years, his parents travelled between Hastings in the United Kingdom and India, leaving their two sons to stay with a retired Army couple. At Hastings, Turing stayed at Baston Lodge, Upper Maze Hill, St Leonards-on-Sea, now marked with a blue plaque. The plaque was unveiled on 23 June 2012, the centenary of Turing's birth. − − Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius that he was later to display prominently. His parents purchased a house in Guildford in 1927, and Turing lived there during school holidays. The location is also marked with a blue plaque. − + − Turing's parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a primary school at 20 Charles Road, St Leonards-on-Sea, from the age of six to nine. The headmistress recognised his talent, noting that she has "...had clever boys and hardworking boys, but Alan is a genius."+ − − = = 学校 = = 图灵的父母把他送进了圣迈克尔学校，这是一所位于海上圣莱昂纳德查尔斯路20号的小学，从6岁到9岁不等。女校长认出了他的才能，并说她“ ... 有聪明的男孩和勤奋的男孩，但艾伦是一个天才。” − − Between January 1922 and 1926, Turing was educated at Hazelhurst Preparatory School, an independent school in the village of Frant in Sussex (now East Sussex). In 1926, at the age of 13, he went on to Sherborne School, a boarding independent school in the market town of Sherborne in Dorset, where he boarded at Westcott House. The first day of term coincided with the 1926 General Strike, in Britain, but Turing was so determined to attend, that he rode his bicycle unaccompanied from Southampton to Sherborne, stopping overnight at an inn. − − Turing's natural inclination towards mathematics and science did not earn him respect from some of the teachers at Sherborne, whose definition of education placed more emphasis on the classics. His headmaster wrote to his parents: "I hope he will not fall between two stools. If he is to stay at public school, he must aim at becoming educated. If he is to be solely a Scientific Specialist, he is wasting his time at a public school". Despite this, Turing continued to show remarkable ability in the studies he loved, solving advanced problems in 1927 without having studied even elementary calculus. In 1928, aged 16, Turing encountered Albert Einstein's work; not only did he grasp it, but it is possible that he managed to deduce Einstein's questioning of Newton's laws of motion from a text in which this was never made explicit. − + − At Sherborne, Turing formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom (13 July 1911 – 13 February 1930),The Shirburnian who has been described as Turing's "first love". Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in February 1930, from complications of bovine tuberculosis, contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.Rachel Hassall, 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing' 'Vivat!' 2012/13+ − = = Christopher Morcom = = = 在舍伯恩，图灵与同学 Christopher Collan Morcom (1911年7月13日 -1930年2月13日)建立了深厚的友谊，这位舍布尔人被称为图灵的“初恋”。他们的关系为图灵未来的努力提供了灵感，但由于1930年2月莫尔科姆死于多年前因饮用受感染的牛奶而感染的牛结核病并发症，这段关系被迫中断。雷切尔 · 哈索尔(Rachel Hassall) ，《舍伯恩公式: 阿兰 · 图灵的诞生》(The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing)《维瓦特! 》2012/13 − The event caused Turing great sorrow. He coped with his grief by working that much harder on the topics of science and mathematics that he had shared with Morcom. In a letter to Morcom's mother, Frances Isobel Morcom (née Swan), Turing wrote:{{blockquote|I am sure I could not have found anywhere another companion so brilliant and yet so charming and unconceited. I regarded my interest in my work, and in such things as astronomy (to which he introduced me) as something to be shared with him and I think he felt a little the same about me ... I know I must put as much energy if not as much interest into my work as if he were alive, because that is what he would like me to do.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=61}}</ref>}}The event caused Turing great sorrow. He coped with his grief by working that much harder on the topics of science and mathematics that he had shared with Morcom. In a letter to Morcom's mother, Frances Isobel Morcom (née Swan), Turing wrote: − + − Turing's relationship with Morcom's mother continued long after Morcom's death, with her sending gifts to Turing, and him sending letters, typically on Morcom's birthday.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |publisher=Princeton University Press |author-link=Andrew Hodges |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |page=[https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg/page/87 87] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15564-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg|url-access=registration }}</ref> A day before the third anniversary of Morcom's death (13 February 1933), he wrote to Mrs. Morcom:{{blockquote|I expect you will be thinking of Chris when this reaches you. I shall too, and this letter is just to tell you that I shall be thinking of Chris and of you tomorrow. I am sure that he is as happy now as he was when he was here. Your affectionate Alan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |publisher=Princeton University Press |author-link=Andrew Hodges |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |page=[https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg/page/90 90] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15564-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg|url-access=registration }}</ref>}}Turing's relationship with Morcom's mother continued long after Morcom's death, with her sending gifts to Turing, and him sending letters, typically on Morcom's birthday. A day before the third anniversary of Morcom's death (13 February 1933), he wrote to Mrs. Morcom:+ − + − + − 有人推测，莫科姆的死是图灵无神论和唯物主义的原因。保罗 · 格雷，阿兰 · 图灵时代杂志的《世纪最重要的人物》 ，第2页显然，在他生命的这个阶段，他仍然相信诸如精神、独立于肉体和生存于死亡的概念。在后来写给莫科姆母亲的一封信中，图灵写道:+
无编辑摘要
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共8241，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。{{short description|English mathematician and computer scientist (1912–1954)}}{{Redirect|Turing}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Use British English|date=June 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}{{Infobox scientist
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共8241，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。{{short description|English mathematician and computer scientist (1912–1954)}}{{Infobox scientist
| name = Alan Turing
| name = Alan Turing
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE|FRS|size=100%}}
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE|FRS|size=100%}}
| prizes = [[Smith's Prize]] (1936)
| prizes = [[Smith's Prize]] (1936)
| partner = [[Joan Clarke]]<br />(engaged in 1941; did not marry)
| partner = [[Joan Clarke]]<br />(engaged in 1941; did not marry)
}}'''Alan Mathison Turing''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|OBE|FRS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tj|ʊər|ɪ|ŋ}}; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English [[mathematician]], [[computer scientist]], [[logic]]ian, [[cryptanalysis|cryptanalyst]], [[philosopher]], and [[mathematical and theoretical biology|theoretical biologist]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The British Library |title=Who was Alan Turing? |access-date=29 July 2019 |url=https://www.bl.uk/people/alan-turing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723191531/https://www.bl.uk/people/alan-turing |archive-date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="whoswho">{{Who's Who | author=Anon| surname = Turing | othernames = Alan Mathison | id = U243891 | year = 2017 | doi = 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U243891 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Turing was highly influential in the development of [[theoretical computer science]], providing a formalisation of the concepts of [[algorithm]] and [[computation]] with the [[Turing machine]], which can be considered a model of a [[general-purpose computer]].<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal
}}'''Alan Mathison Turing''' ( 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English [[mathematician]], [[computer scientist]], [[logic]]ian, [[cryptanalysis|cryptanalyst]], [[philosopher]], and [[mathematical and theoretical biology|theoretical biologist]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The British Library |title=Who was Alan Turing? |access-date=29 July 2019 |url=https://www.bl.uk/people/alan-turing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723191531/https://www.bl.uk/people/alan-turing |archive-date=23 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="whoswho">{{Who's Who | author=Anon| surname = Turing | othernames = Alan Mathison | id = U243891 | year = 2017 | doi = 10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U243891 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Turing was highly influential in the development of [[theoretical computer science]], providing a formalisation of the concepts of [[algorithm]] and [[computation]] with the [[Turing machine]], which can be considered a model of a [[general-purpose computer]].<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Newman | first1 = M.H.A.
| last1 = Newman | first1 = M.H.A.
| author-link = Max Newman
| author-link = Max Newman
}}</ref><ref name="AFP">{{cite news |title=Alan Turing – Time 100 People of the Century |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html |work=Time |quote=Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine. |first=Paul |last=Gray |date=29 March 1999 |access-date=10 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html |archive-date=19 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sipser|2006|p=137}}</ref> Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and [[artificial intelligence]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Beavers|2013|p=481}}</ref>
}}</ref><ref name="AFP">{{cite news |title=Alan Turing – Time 100 People of the Century |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html |work=Time |quote=Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine. |first=Paul |last=Gray |date=29 March 1999 |access-date=10 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html |archive-date=19 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sipser|2006|p=137}}</ref> Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and [[artificial intelligence]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Beavers|2013|p=481}}</ref>
艾伦·图灵（1912年6月23日至1954年6月7日）是英国数学家、计算机科学家、逻辑学家、密码分析师、哲学家和理论生物学家。图灵在理论计算机科学的发展中有着巨大的影响力，通过图灵机器提供了算法和计算概念的形式化，图灵机器可以被视为通用计算机的模型。图灵被广泛认为是理论计算机科学和人工智能之父。
Born in [[Maida Vale]], London, Turing was raised in [[southern England]]. He graduated at [[King's College, Cambridge]], with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a [[fellow]] at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a [[Turing machine]], and went on to prove the [[halting problem]] for Turing machines is [[Decision problem|undecidable]]. In 1938, he obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the [[Princeton University Department of Mathematics|Department of Mathematics]] at [[Princeton University]]. During the [[Second World War]], Turing worked for the [[Government Communications Headquarters#Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS)|Government Code and Cypher School]] (GC&CS) at [[Bletchley Park]], Britain's [[cryptanalysis|codebreaking]] centre that produced [[Ultra]] intelligence. For a time he led [[Hut 8]], the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German [[cipher]]s, including improvements to the pre-war Polish [[Bomba (cryptography)|bombe]] method, an [[electromechanics|electromechanical]] machine that could find settings for the [[Enigma machine]]. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the [[Axis powers]] in many crucial engagements, including the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].<ref name="bbc-copeland">{{cite news|last=Copeland|first=Jack|author-link=Jack Copeland|date=18 June 2012|title=Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'|publisher=BBC News Technology|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|url-status=live|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045451/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both [[The Churchill Centre]] and Turing's biographer [[Andrew Hodges]] have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see {{cite web|last=Schilling|first=Jonathan|date=8 January 2015|title=Churchill Said Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory|url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217170510/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|archive-date=17 February 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=The Churchill Centre: Myths}} and {{cite web|last=Hodges|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Hodges|title=Part 4: The Relay Race|url=http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120190931/http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|archive-date=20 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=Update to [[Alan Turing: The Enigma]]}} A [[BBC News]] profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See {{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Clare|date=11 September 2009|title=Profile: Alan Turing|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8250592.stm|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213095303/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=13 December 2017|quote=Update 13 February 2015}} Official war historian [[Harry Hinsley]] estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the [[Manhattan Project|use of the atomic bomb]] and other eventualities.{{citation | last = Hinsley | first = Harry | author-link = Harry Hinsley | title = The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War | origyear = 1993 | year = 1996 | url = http://www.cix.co.uk/~klockstone/hinsley.htm }} Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University</ref>A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both The Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see and A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See Official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the use of the atomic bomb and other eventualities. Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University
Born in [[Maida Vale]], London, Turing was raised in [[southern England]]. He graduated at [[King's College, Cambridge]], with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a [[fellow]] at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a [[Turing machine]], and went on to prove the [[halting problem]] for Turing machines is [[Decision problem|undecidable]]. In 1938, he obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the [[Princeton University Department of Mathematics|Department of Mathematics]] at [[Princeton University]]. During the [[Second World War]], Turing worked for the [[Government Communications Headquarters#Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS)|Government Code and Cypher School]] (GC&CS) at [[Bletchley Park]], Britain's [[cryptanalysis|codebreaking]] centre that produced [[Ultra]] intelligence. For a time he led [[Hut 8]], the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German [[cipher]]s, including improvements to the pre-war Polish [[Bomba (cryptography)|bombe]] method, an [[electromechanics|electromechanical]] machine that could find settings for the [[Enigma machine]]. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the [[Axis powers]] in many crucial engagements, including the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].<ref name="bbc-copeland">{{cite news|last=Copeland|first=Jack|author-link=Jack Copeland|date=18 June 2012|title=Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'|publisher=BBC News Technology|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|url-status=live|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045451/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both [[The Churchill Centre]] and Turing's biographer [[Andrew Hodges]] have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see {{cite web|last=Schilling|first=Jonathan|date=8 January 2015|title=Churchill Said Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory|url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217170510/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|archive-date=17 February 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=The Churchill Centre: Myths}} and {{cite web|last=Hodges|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Hodges|title=Part 4: The Relay Race|url=http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120190931/http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|archive-date=20 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=Update to [[Alan Turing: The Enigma]]}} A [[BBC News]] profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See {{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Clare|date=11 September 2009|title=Profile: Alan Turing|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8250592.stm|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213095303/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=13 December 2017|quote=Update 13 February 2015}} Official war historian [[Harry Hinsley]] estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the [[Manhattan Project|use of the atomic bomb]] and other eventualities.{{citation | last = Hinsley | first = Harry | author-link = Harry Hinsley | title = The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War | origyear = 1993 | year = 1996 | url = http://www.cix.co.uk/~klockstone/hinsley.htm }} Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University</ref>
图灵出生于梅达韦尔，在英格兰南部长大。他毕业于剑桥大学国王学院，获得数学学位。当他还是剑桥大学的研究员时，他发表了一篇论文，证明了一些纯粹的数学上的是非问题永远不能用计算机来回答，并定义了一个图灵机，并继续证明图灵机的停机问题是不可判定的。1938年，他获得了普林斯顿大学数学系的博士学位。第二次世界大战期间，图灵在 Bletchley Park 的英国政府通讯总部情报局工作，这是英国产生超级情报的密码破译中心。有一段时间，他领导第八小组，该小组负责德国海军密码破译。在这里，他设计了一系列加速破解德国密码的技术，包括改进战前的波兰轰炸机方法，这种机电式机器可以找到英格玛密码机的设置。图灵在破译截获的加密信息中扮演了关键角色，这些信息使得盟军在许多关键战役中击败轴心国，包括大西洋战役。一些消息来源称，温斯顿·丘吉尔称图灵为盟军在对抗纳粹德国的战争中取得胜利做出了最大贡献。然而，丘吉尔中心和图灵的传记作者安德鲁 · 霍奇斯都表示，他们不知道任何文件证据来支持这一说法，也不知道据说丘吉尔说这话的日期或背景，丘吉尔中心将其列为他们的丘吉尔神话之一。参见官方战争历史学家哈里 · 辛斯利的估计，这项工作将欧洲战争缩短了两年多，但是补充说明，这并没有考虑到原子弹的使用和其他不测事件。1993年10月19日星期二在剑桥大学演讲的文字稿
图灵出生于梅达韦尔，在英格兰南部长大。他毕业于剑桥大学国王学院，获得数学学位。当他还是剑桥大学的研究员时，他发表了一篇论文，证明了一些纯粹的数学上的是非问题永远不能用计算机来回答，并定义了一个图灵机，并继续证明图灵机的停机问题是不可判定的。1938年，他获得了普林斯顿大学数学系的博士学位。第二次世界大战期间，图灵在 Bletchley Park 的英国政府通讯总部情报局工作，这是英国产生超级情报的密码破译中心。有一段时间，他领导第八小组，该小组负责德国海军密码破译。在这里，他设计了一系列加速破解德国密码的技术，包括改进战前的波兰轰炸机方法，这种机电式机器可以找到英格玛密码机的设置。图灵在破译截获的加密信息中扮演了关键角色，这些信息使得盟军在许多关键战役中击败轴心国，包括大西洋战役。一些消息来源称，温斯顿·丘吉尔称图灵为盟军在对抗纳粹德国的战争中取得胜利做出了最大贡献。然而，丘吉尔中心和图灵的传记作者安德鲁 · 霍奇斯都表示，他们不知道任何文件证据来支持这一说法，也不知道据说丘吉尔说这话的日期或背景，丘吉尔中心将其列为他们的丘吉尔神话之一。参见官方战争历史学家哈里 · 辛斯利的估计，这项工作将欧洲战争缩短了两年多，但是补充说明，这并没有考虑到原子弹的使用和其他不测事件。1993年10月19日星期二在剑桥大学演讲的文字稿
After the war, Turing worked at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]], where he designed the [[Automatic Computing Engine]] (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined [[Max Newman]]'s [[Computing Machine Laboratory]], at the [[Victoria University of Manchester]], where he helped develop the [[Manchester computers]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=231–233}}</ref> and became interested in [[mathematical biology]]. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of [[morphogenesis]]<ref name="googlescholar" /> and predicted [[Chemical clock|oscillating]] [[chemical reaction]]s such as the [[Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction]], first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the [[Official Secrets Act 1939|Official Secrets Act]].<ref>Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.</ref>
After the war, Turing worked at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]], where he designed the [[Automatic Computing Engine]] (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined [[Max Newman]]'s [[Computing Machine Laboratory]], at the [[Victoria University of Manchester]], where he helped develop the [[Manchester computers]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=231–233}}</ref> and became interested in [[mathematical biology]]. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of [[morphogenesis]]<ref name="googlescholar" /> and predicted [[Chemical clock|oscillating]] [[chemical reaction]]s such as the [[Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction]], first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the [[Official Secrets Act 1939|Official Secrets Act]].<ref>Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.</ref>Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.
战后，图灵在国家物理实验室工作，在那里他设计了自动计算机引擎(ACE) ，这是储存程式计算机的第一个设计。1948年，图灵加入了曼彻斯特维多利亚大学马克斯 · 纽曼的计算机实验室，在那里他帮助开发了曼彻斯特计算机，并对数学生物学产生了兴趣。他写了一篇关于形态形成的化学基础的论文，并预言了一些振荡的化学反应，如1960年代首次观察到的 Belousov-Zhabotinsky 反应。尽管取得了这些成就，但在他有生之年，他在祖国从未得到充分认可，因为他的大部分工作都受到《官方保密法》的保护。奥林尼克，m.(2021)。简单的图灵。美国: 简称 Charly，ch.15.
战后，图灵在国家物理实验室工作，在那里他设计了自动计算机引擎(ACE) ，这是储存程式计算机的第一个设计。1948年，图灵加入了曼彻斯特维多利亚大学马克斯 · 纽曼的计算机实验室，在那里他帮助开发了曼彻斯特计算机，并对数学生物学产生了兴趣。他写了一篇关于形态形成的化学基础的论文，并预言了一些振荡的化学反应，如1960年代首次观察到的 Belousov-Zhabotinsky 反应。尽管取得了这些成就，但在他有生之年，他在祖国从未得到充分认可，因为他的大部分工作都受到《官方保密法》的保护。奥林尼克，m.(2021)。简单的图灵。美国: 简称 Charly，ch.15.
Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for [[Gross indecency|homosexual acts]]. He accepted [[chemical castration]] treatment, with [[Diethylstilbestrol|DES]], as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from [[cyanide poisoning]]. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.
Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for [[Gross indecency|homosexual acts]]. He accepted [[chemical castration]] treatment, with [[Diethylstilbestrol|DES]], as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from [[cyanide poisoning]]. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.
灵在1952年因同性恋行为被起诉。他接受了药物洗脱支架的化学阉割治疗，作为监狱的替代方案。图灵1954年死于氰化物中毒，距他42岁生日还有16天。调查确定他的死因是自杀，但已知的证据也与意外中毒相符。
In 2009, following an [[Internet campaign]], British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] made an [[#Government apology and pardon support|official public apology]] on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". [[Queen Elizabeth II]] granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The "[[Alan Turing law]]" is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts.<ref name="BBC-pardon">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |title='Alan Turing law': Thousands of gay men to be pardoned |date=20 October 2016 |access-date=20 October 2016 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020125029/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Turing has an [[Legacy of Alan Turing|extensive legacy]] with statues of him and [[List of things named after Alan Turing|many things named after him]], including an [[Turing Award|annual award]] for computer science innovations. He appears on the current [[Bank of England £50 note]], which was released to coincide with his birthday. A [[Icons: The Greatest Person of the 20th Century|2019 BBC series]], as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century.
In 2009, following an [[Internet campaign]], British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] made an [[#Government apology and pardon support|official public apology]] on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". [[Queen Elizabeth II]] granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The "[[Alan Turing law]]" is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts.<ref name="BBC-pardon">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |title='Alan Turing law': Thousands of gay men to be pardoned |date=20 October 2016 |access-date=20 October 2016 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020125029/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Turing has an [[Legacy of Alan Turing|extensive legacy]] with statues of him and [[List of things named after Alan Turing|many things named after him]], including an [[Turing Award|annual award]] for computer science innovations. He appears on the current [[Bank of England £50 note]], which was released to coincide with his birthday. A [[Icons: The Greatest Person of the 20th Century|2019 BBC series]], as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century. {{TOC limit|3}}
2009年，在一场网络运动之后，英国首相戈登 · 布朗代表英国政府就“他受到的骇人听闻的对待”发表了正式的公开道歉。伊丽莎白二世在2013年给予图灵死后赦免。“阿兰 · 图灵法”现在是英国2017年一项法律的非正式术语，该法律追溯性地赦免了那些根据历史法律被警告或定罪的同性恋行为。图灵有着广泛的遗产，雕像和许多以他的名字命名的东西，包括一个年度计算机科学创新奖。他出现在当前英格兰银行发行的50英镑纸币上，这张纸币是在他生日那天发行的。2019年 BBC 的一个系列节目，经过观众投票，将他评为20世纪最伟大的人物。
2009年，在一场网络运动之后，英国首相戈登 · 布朗代表英国政府就“他受到的骇人听闻的对待”发表了正式的公开道歉。伊丽莎白二世在2013年给予图灵死后赦免。“阿兰 · 图灵法”现在是英国2017年一项法律的非正式术语，该法律追溯性地赦免了那些根据历史法律被警告或定罪的同性恋行为。图灵有着广泛的遗产，雕像和许多以他的名字命名的东西，包括一个年度计算机科学创新奖。他出现在当前英格兰银行发行的50英镑纸币上，这张纸币是在他生日那天发行的。2019年 BBC 的一个系列节目，经过观众投票，将他评为20世纪最伟大的人物。
==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
=早年生活与教育=
=早年生活与教育=
===Family===
===Family===
Turing was born in [[Maida Vale]], London,<ref name="whoswho" /> while his father, Julius Mathison Turing (1873–1947), was on leave from his position with the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) at [[Chatrapur]], then in the [[Madras Presidency]] and presently in [[Odisha]] state, in India.<ref name="Hodges1983P5">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |title=The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook |publisher=[[Alan Turing: The Enigma]] |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BOrKl1DB?url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev. John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a [[baronet]]. Turing's mother, Julius's wife, was Ethel Sara Turing ({{nee|Stoney}}; 1881–1976),<ref name="whoswho" /> daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway|Madras Railways]]. The Stoneys were a [[Protestantism in Ireland|Protestant]] [[Anglo-Irish]] [[gentry]] family from both [[County Tipperary]] and [[County Longford]], while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in [[County Clare]].<ref>Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 23 June 2012.</ref>
Turing was born in [[Maida Vale]], London,<ref name="whoswho" /> while his father, Julius Mathison Turing (1873–1947), was on leave from his position with the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) at [[Chatrapur]], then in the [[Madras Presidency]] and presently in [[Odisha]] state, in India.<ref name="Hodges1983P5">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |title=The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook |publisher=[[Alan Turing: The Enigma]] |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BOrKl1DB?url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev. John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a [[baronet]]. Turing's mother, Julius's wife, was Ethel Sara Turing ({{nee|Stoney}}; 1881–1976),<ref name="whoswho" /> daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway|Madras Railways]]. The Stoneys were a [[Protestantism in Ireland|Protestant]] [[Anglo-Irish]] [[gentry]] family from both [[County Tipperary]] and [[County Longford]], while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in [[County Clare]].<ref>Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 23 June 2012.</ref>Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. The Irish Times, 23 June 2012.
= = 家庭 = = 图灵出生于梅达韦尔，而他的父亲朱利叶斯 · 马西森 · 图灵(1873-1947)正在杰德拉布尔的印度公务员部门休假，然后在印度马德拉斯省服役，目前在 Odisha。图灵的父亲是牧师的儿子。约翰 · 罗伯特 · 图灵，来自一个苏格兰商人家庭，家庭的基地在荷兰，包括一个准男爵。图灵的母亲，朱利叶斯的妻子，埃塞尔 · 萨拉 · 图灵(Ethel Sara Turing; 1881-1976) ，是马德拉斯铁路公司总工程师爱德华 · 沃勒 · 斯托尼(Edward Waller Stoney)的女儿。斯通伊斯是一个来自蒂珀雷里郡和 County Longford 的盎格鲁-爱尔兰新教贵族家庭，而埃塞尔本人在克莱尔郡度过了她童年的大部分时光。菲尔 · 马奎尔，《一个爱尔兰人的日记》 ，第5页。爱尔兰时报，2012年6月23日。
= = 家庭 = = 图灵出生于梅达韦尔，而他的父亲朱利叶斯 · 马西森 · 图灵(1873-1947)正在杰德拉布尔的印度公务员部门休假，然后在印度马德拉斯省服役，目前在 Odisha。图灵的父亲是牧师的儿子。约翰 · 罗伯特 · 图灵，来自一个苏格兰商人家庭，家庭的基地在荷兰，包括一个准男爵。图灵的母亲，朱利叶斯的妻子，埃塞尔 · 萨拉 · 图灵(Ethel Sara Turing; 1881-1976) ，是马德拉斯铁路公司总工程师爱德华 · 沃勒 · 斯托尼(Edward Waller Stoney)的女儿。斯通伊斯是一个来自蒂珀雷里郡和 County Longford 的盎格鲁-爱尔兰新教贵族家庭，而埃塞尔本人在克莱尔郡度过了她童年的大部分时光。菲尔 · 马奎尔，《一个爱尔兰人的日记》 ，第5页。爱尔兰时报，2012年6月23日。
Julius's work with the ICS brought the family to British India, where his grandfather had been a general in the [[Bengal Army]]. However, both Julius and Ethel wanted their children to be brought up in Britain, so they moved to [[Maida Vale]],<ref name="englishheritaget">{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/T |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903150218/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/T |archive-date=3 September 2009 |title=London Blue Plaques |access-date=10 February 2007 |work=English Heritage |url-status=live }}</ref> London, where Alan Turing was born on 23 June 1912, as recorded by a [[blue plaque]] on the outside of the house of his birth,<ref>[http://blogs.nature.com/london/2011/03/16/the-scientific-tourist-in-london-17-alan-turings-birth-place The Scientific Tourist In London: #17 Alan Turing's Birth Place] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054045/http://blogs.nature.com/london/2011/03/16/the-scientific-tourist-in-london-17-alan-turings-birth-place |date=21 September 2013 }}, ''Nature''. London Blog</ref><ref>{{openplaque|381}}</ref> later the [[Colonnade Hotel (London)|Colonnade Hotel]].<ref name="Hodges1983P5" /><ref name="turingorguk">{{cite web | url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html | title=The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook | access-date=26 September 2006 | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110720214124/http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html | archive-date=20 July 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> Turing had an elder brother, John (the father of [[Dermot Turing|Sir John Dermot Turing]], 12th Baronet of the [[Turing baronets]]).<ref>[https://bletchleypark.org.uk/about-us/bletchley-park-trustees/sir-john-dermot-turing Sir John Dermot Turing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018191443/https://bletchleypark.org.uk/about-us/bletchley-park-trustees/sir-john-dermot-turing |date=18 October 2017 }} on the Bletchley Park website.</ref>
Julius's work with the ICS brought the family to British India, where his grandfather had been a general in the [[Bengal Army]]. However, both Julius and Ethel wanted their children to be brought up in Britain, so they moved to [[Maida Vale]],<ref name="englishheritaget">{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/T |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903150218/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/T |archive-date=3 September 2009 |title=London Blue Plaques |access-date=10 February 2007 |work=English Heritage |url-status=live }}</ref> London, where Alan Turing was born on 23 June 1912, as recorded by a [[blue plaque]] on the outside of the house of his birth,<ref>[http://blogs.nature.com/london/2011/03/16/the-scientific-tourist-in-london-17-alan-turings-birth-place The Scientific Tourist In London: #17 Alan Turing's Birth Place] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054045/http://blogs.nature.com/london/2011/03/16/the-scientific-tourist-in-london-17-alan-turings-birth-place |date=21 September 2013 }}, ''Nature''. London Blog</ref><ref>{{openplaque|381}}</ref> The Scientific Tourist In London: #17 Alan Turing's Birth Place , Nature. London Blog later the Colonnade Hotel. Turing had an elder brother, John (the father of Sir John Dermot Turing, 12th Baronet of the Turing baronets).Sir John Dermot Turing on the Bletchley Park website.
朱利叶斯在 ICS 的工作将他的家庭带到了英属印度，他的祖父曾是孟加拉军队的一名将军。然而，朱利叶斯和埃塞尔都希望他们的孩子在英国长大，所以他们搬到了梅达韦尔，阿兰图灵于1912年6月23日在那里出生，正如他出生房子外面的蓝色牌匾所记录的那样，科学游客在伦敦: 17英镑阿兰图灵的出生地，自然。伦敦博客后来的 Colonnade Hotel。图灵有一个哥哥约翰(约翰 · 德莫特 · 图灵爵士的父亲，图灵从男爵12世)。约翰 · 德莫特 · 图灵爵士在 Bletchley Park 网站上。
朱利叶斯在 ICS 的工作将他的家庭带到了英属印度，他的祖父曾是孟加拉军队的一名将军。然而，朱利叶斯和埃塞尔都希望他们的孩子在英国长大，所以他们搬到了梅达韦尔，阿兰图灵于1912年6月23日在那里出生，正如他出生房子外面的蓝色牌匾所记录的那样，科学游客在伦敦: 17英镑阿兰图灵的出生地，自然。伦敦博客后来的 Colonnade Hotel。图灵有一个哥哥约翰(约翰 · 德莫特 · 图灵爵士的父亲，图灵从男爵12世)。约翰 · 德莫特 · 图灵爵士在 Bletchley Park 网站上。
Turing's father's civil service commission was still active and during Turing's childhood years, his parents travelled between [[Hastings]] in the United Kingdom<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=6}}</ref> and India, leaving their two sons to stay with a retired [[British Army|Army]] couple. At Hastings, Turing stayed at [[Baston Lodge]], Upper Maze Hill, [[St Leonards-on-Sea]], now marked with a blue plaque.<ref name="Hastings & St. Leonards Observer - 29 June 2012 - Plaque unveiled at Turing's home in St Leonards">{{cite news|url=http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/plaque-unveiled-at-turing-s-home-in-st-leonards-1-4003535|title=Plaque unveiled at Turing's home in St Leonards|date=29 June 2012|work=[[Hastings & St. Leonards Observer]]|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912121655/http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/plaque-unveiled-at-turing-s-home-in-st-leonards-1-4003535|archive-date=12 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The plaque was unveiled on 23 June 2012, the centenary of Turing's birth.<ref name="BBC News - 25 June 2012 - St Leonards plaque marks Alan Turing's early years">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-sussex-18580826|title=St Leonards plaque marks Alan Turing's early years|date=25 June 2012|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203074933/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-sussex-18580826|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
Turing's father's civil service commission was still active and during Turing's childhood years, his parents travelled between [[Hastings]] in the United Kingdom<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=6}}</ref> and India, leaving their two sons to stay with a retired [[British Army|Army]] couple. At Hastings, Turing stayed at [[Baston Lodge]], Upper Maze Hill, [[St Leonards-on-Sea]], now marked with a blue plaque.<ref name="Hastings & St. Leonards Observer - 29 June 2012 - Plaque unveiled at Turing's home in St Leonards">{{cite news|url=http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/plaque-unveiled-at-turing-s-home-in-st-leonards-1-4003535|title=Plaque unveiled at Turing's home in St Leonards|date=29 June 2012|work=[[Hastings & St. Leonards Observer]]|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912121655/http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/news/plaque-unveiled-at-turing-s-home-in-st-leonards-1-4003535|archive-date=12 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The plaque was unveiled on 23 June 2012, the centenary of Turing's birth.<ref name="BBC News - 25 June 2012 - St Leonards plaque marks Alan Turing's early years">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-sussex-18580826|title=St Leonards plaque marks Alan Turing's early years|date=25 June 2012|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203074933/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-sussex-18580826|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
图灵父亲的公务员委员会仍然活跃，在图灵的童年时代，他的父母在英国和印度的黑斯廷斯之间旅行，留下他们的两个儿子和一对退休的军人夫妇住在一起。在黑斯廷斯，图灵住在 Baston Lodge，上梅兹山，圣莱昂纳德海上，现在有一块蓝色的牌匾。2012年6月23日，也就是图灵百年诞辰纪念日，这块匾揭开了面纱。
图灵父亲的公务员委员会仍然活跃，在图灵的童年时代，他的父母在英国和印度的黑斯廷斯之间旅行，留下他们的两个儿子和一对退休的军人夫妇住在一起。在黑斯廷斯，图灵住在 Baston Lodge，上梅兹山，圣莱昂纳德海上，现在有一块蓝色的牌匾。2012年6月23日，也就是图灵百年诞辰纪念日，这块匾揭开了面纱。
Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius that he was later to display prominently.<ref name="toolbox">{{cite web |title=Alan Turing – Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1 |first=G. James |last=Jones |date=11 December 2001 |url=http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |access-date=27 July 2007 |work=System Toolbox |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |archive-date=3 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His parents purchased a house in [[Guildford]] in 1927, and Turing lived there during school holidays. The location is also marked with a blue plaque.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guildford-dragon.com/2012/11/29/founder-of-computer-science-alan-turings-guildford-stargazing/ |title=Guildford Dragon NEWS |publisher=The Guildford Dragon |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=31 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019062927/http://www.guildford-dragon.com/2012/11/29/founder-of-computer-science-alan-turings-guildford-stargazing/ |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius that he was later to display prominently.<ref name="toolbox">{{cite web |title=Alan Turing – Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1 |first=G. James |last=Jones |date=11 December 2001 |url=http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |access-date=27 July 2007 |work=System Toolbox |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3 |archive-date=3 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His parents purchased a house in [[Guildford]] in 1927, and Turing lived there during school holidays. The location is also marked with a blue plaque.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guildford-dragon.com/2012/11/29/founder-of-computer-science-alan-turings-guildford-stargazing/ |title=Guildford Dragon NEWS |publisher=The Guildford Dragon |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=31 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019062927/http://www.guildford-dragon.com/2012/11/29/founder-of-computer-science-alan-turings-guildford-stargazing/ |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
在他很小的时候，图灵就表现出了天才的迹象，后来他突出地展现了这一点。他的父母1927年在吉尔福德买了一所房子，图灵在学校放假期间住在那里。这个位置还有一块蓝色的牌匾。
在他很小的时候，图灵就表现出了天才的迹象，后来他突出地展现了这一点。他的父母1927年在吉尔福德买了一所房子，图灵在学校放假期间住在那里。这个位置还有一块蓝色的牌匾。
===School===
===School 学校 ===
Turing's parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a primary school at 20 Charles Road, [[St Leonards-on-Sea]], from the age of six to nine. The headmistress recognised his talent, noting that she has "...had clever boys and hardworking boys, but Alan is a genius."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cawthorne|first=Nigel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890938716|title=Alan Turing : the enigma man|date=2014|isbn=978-1-78404-535-7|location=London|pages=18|oclc=890938716}}</ref>
Turing's parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a primary school at 20 Charles Road, [[St Leonards-on-Sea]], from the age of six to nine. The headmistress recognised his talent, noting that she has "...had clever boys and hardworking boys, but Alan is a genius."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cawthorne|first=Nigel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890938716|title=Alan Turing : the enigma man|date=2014|isbn=978-1-78404-535-7|location=London|pages=18|oclc=890938716}}</ref>
图灵的父母把他送进了圣迈克尔学校，这是一所位于海上圣莱昂纳德查尔斯路20号的小学，从6岁到9岁不等。女校长认出了他的才能，并说她“ ... 有聪明的男孩和勤奋的男孩，但艾伦是一个天才。”
Between January 1922 and 1926, Turing was educated at Hazelhurst Preparatory School, an independent school in the village of [[Frant]] in Sussex (now [[East Sussex]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/TURING-Alan-Mathison.pdf|title=Alan Turing Archive – Sherborne School (ARCHON CODE: GB1949)|author=Alan Mathison|work=Sherborne School, Dorset|date=April 2016|access-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226093015/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/TURING-Alan-Mathison.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1926, at the age of 13, he went on to [[Sherborne School]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2016|title=Alan Turing OBE, PhD, FRS (1912–1954)|url=https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/alan-turing/|access-date=10 October 2020|website=The Old Shirburnian Society|language=en-GB}}</ref> a boarding independent school in the market town of [[Sherborne]] in Dorset, where he boarded at Westcott House. The first day of term coincided with the [[1926 United Kingdom general strike|1926 General Strike]], in Britain, but Turing was so determined to attend, that he rode his bicycle unaccompanied {{convert|60|mi|km}} from [[Southampton]] to Sherborne, stopping overnight at an inn.<ref name="metamagical">{{Cite book|title=Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=o8jzWF7rD6oC&pg=PA484 484]|first=Douglas R. |last=Hofstadter |year=1985 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-04566-2 |oclc=230812136}}</ref>
Between January 1922 and 1926, Turing was educated at Hazelhurst Preparatory School, an independent school in the village of [[Frant]] in Sussex (now [[East Sussex]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/TURING-Alan-Mathison.pdf|title=Alan Turing Archive – Sherborne School (ARCHON CODE: GB1949)|author=Alan Mathison|work=Sherborne School, Dorset|date=April 2016|access-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226093015/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/TURING-Alan-Mathison.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1926, at the age of 13, he went on to [[Sherborne School]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2016|title=Alan Turing OBE, PhD, FRS (1912–1954)|url=https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/alan-turing/|access-date=10 October 2020|website=The Old Shirburnian Society|language=en-GB}}</ref> a boarding independent school in the market town of [[Sherborne]] in Dorset, where he boarded at Westcott House. The first day of term coincided with the [[1926 United Kingdom general strike|1926 General Strike]], in Britain, but Turing was so determined to attend, that he rode his bicycle unaccompanied {{convert|60|mi|km}} from [[Southampton]] to Sherborne, stopping overnight at an inn.<ref name="metamagical">{{Cite book|title=Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=o8jzWF7rD6oC&pg=PA484 484]|first=Douglas R. |last=Hofstadter |year=1985 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-04566-2 |oclc=230812136}}</ref>
1922年1月至1926年间，图灵在哈泽尔赫斯特预科学校接受教育，这是苏塞克斯郡(现为东苏塞克斯郡)弗兰特的一所独立学校。1926年，13岁的他进入了位于多塞特舍伯恩市镇的一所寄宿制独立学校---- 谢伯恩学校，在那里他在 Westcott House 寄宿。学期的第一天正好赶上1926年英国的总罢工，但是图灵决心要参加，他独自骑着自行车从南安普顿到了舍伯恩，在一家客栈过夜。
1922年1月至1926年间，图灵在哈泽尔赫斯特预科学校接受教育，这是苏塞克斯郡(现为东苏塞克斯郡)弗兰特的一所独立学校。1926年，13岁的他进入了位于多塞特舍伯恩市镇的一所寄宿制独立学校---- 谢伯恩学校，在那里他在 Westcott House 寄宿。学期的第一天正好赶上1926年英国的总罢工，但是图灵决心要参加，他独自骑着自行车从南安普顿到了舍伯恩，在一家客栈过夜。
Turing's natural inclination towards mathematics and science did not earn him respect from some of the teachers at Sherborne, whose definition of education placed more emphasis on the [[classics]]. His headmaster wrote to his parents: "I hope he will not fall between two stools. If he is to stay at public school, he must aim at becoming ''educated''. If he is to be solely a ''Scientific Specialist'', he is wasting his time at a public school".<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=26}}</ref> Despite this, Turing continued to show remarkable ability in the studies he loved, solving advanced problems in 1927 without having studied even elementary [[calculus]]. In 1928, aged 16, Turing encountered [[Albert Einstein]]'s work; not only did he grasp it, but it is possible that he managed to deduce Einstein's questioning of [[Newton's laws of motion]] from a text in which this was never made explicit.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=34}}</ref>
Turing's natural inclination towards mathematics and science did not earn him respect from some of the teachers at Sherborne, whose definition of education placed more emphasis on the [[classics]]. His headmaster wrote to his parents: "I hope he will not fall between two stools. If he is to stay at public school, he must aim at becoming ''educated''. If he is to be solely a ''Scientific Specialist'', he is wasting his time at a public school".<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=26}}</ref> Despite this, Turing continued to show remarkable ability in the studies he loved, solving advanced problems in 1927 without having studied even elementary [[calculus]]. In 1928, aged 16, Turing encountered [[Albert Einstein]]'s work; not only did he grasp it, but it is possible that he managed to deduce Einstein's questioning of [[Newton's laws of motion]] from a text in which this was never made explicit.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=34}}</ref>
图灵对数学和科学的天生倾向并没有赢得舍伯恩大学一些教师的尊重，他们对教育的定义更多地强调古典学。他的校长在给父母的信中写道: “我希望他不要两头落空。如果他想留在公立学校，他必须以受教育为目标。如果他只想成为一名科学专家，那他就是在公立学校里浪费时间。”。尽管如此，图灵在他热爱的研究中继续表现出非凡的能力，在1927年，他甚至没有学过初等微积分就解决了高级问题。1928年，16岁的图灵遇到了阿尔伯特 · 爱因斯坦的工作; 他不仅掌握了它，而且有可能他设法从一篇从未明确阐述过的文章中推断出爱因斯坦对牛顿运动定律的质疑。
图灵对数学和科学的天生倾向并没有赢得舍伯恩大学一些教师的尊重，他们对教育的定义更多地强调古典学。他的校长在给父母的信中写道: “我希望他不要两头落空。如果他想留在公立学校，他必须以受教育为目标。如果他只想成为一名科学专家，那他就是在公立学校里浪费时间。”。尽管如此，图灵在他热爱的研究中继续表现出非凡的能力，在1927年，他甚至没有学过初等微积分就解决了高级问题。1928年，16岁的图灵遇到了阿尔伯特 · 爱因斯坦的工作; 他不仅掌握了它，而且有可能他设法从一篇从未明确阐述过的文章中推断出爱因斯坦对牛顿运动定律的质疑。
===Christopher Morcom===
===Christopher Morcom===
At Sherborne, Turing formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom (13 July 1911 – 13 February 1930),<ref>[https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Obituary-for-Christopher-Morcom-The-Shirburnian-March-1930.pdf ''The Shirburnian'']</ref> who has been described as Turing's "first love". Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in February 1930, from complications of [[bovine tuberculosis]], contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.<ref name="NYReviewBooks">{{cite web|author=Caryl, Christian|title=Poor Imitation of Alan Turing|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|newspaper=[[New York Review of Books]]|date=19 December 2014|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107010418/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|archive-date=7 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Rachel Hassall, [http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415082353/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf |date=15 April 2014 }} 'Vivat!' 2012/13</ref><ref name="teuscher">{{Cite book|editor-last=Teuscher |editor-first=Christof|editor-link=Christof Teuscher |title=Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-540-20020-8 |oclc=53434737 }}</ref>
At Sherborne, Turing formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom (13 July 1911 – 13 February 1930),<ref>[https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Obituary-for-Christopher-Morcom-The-Shirburnian-March-1930.pdf ''The Shirburnian'']</ref> who has been described as Turing's "first love". Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in February 1930, from complications of [[bovine tuberculosis]], contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.<ref name="NYReviewBooks">{{cite web|author=Caryl, Christian|title=Poor Imitation of Alan Turing|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|newspaper=[[New York Review of Books]]|date=19 December 2014|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107010418/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|archive-date=7 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Rachel Hassall, [http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415082353/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf |date=15 April 2014 }} 'Vivat!' 2012/13</ref><ref name="teuscher">{{Cite book|editor-last=Teuscher |editor-first=Christof|editor-link=Christof Teuscher |title=Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-540-20020-8 |oclc=53434737 }}</ref>Rachel Hassall, 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing' 'Vivat!' 2012/13
在舍伯恩，图灵与同学 Christopher Collan Morcom (1911年7月13日 -1930年2月13日)建立了深厚的友谊，这位舍布尔人被称为图灵的“初恋”。他们的关系为图灵未来的努力提供了灵感，但由于1930年2月莫尔科姆死于多年前因饮用受感染的牛奶而感染的牛结核病并发症，这段关系被迫中断。雷切尔 · 哈索尔(Rachel Hassall) ，《舍伯恩公式: 阿兰 · 图灵的诞生》(The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing)《维瓦特! 》2012/13
这件事给图灵带来了巨大的悲痛。他与莫科姆一起在科学和数学方面付出了更多的努力，以此来应对自己的悲痛。图灵在写给莫科姆母亲弗朗西丝 · 伊泽贝尔 · 莫科姆(弗朗西丝 · 斯旺饰)的信中写道:
The event caused Turing great sorrow. He coped with his grief by working that much harder on the topics of science and mathematics that he had shared with Morcom. In a letter to Morcom's mother, Frances Isobel Morcom (née Swan), Turing wrote:{{blockquote|I am sure I could not have found anywhere another companion so brilliant and yet so charming and unconceited. I regarded my interest in my work, and in such things as astronomy (to which he introduced me) as something to be shared with him and I think he felt a little the same about me ... I know I must put as much energy if not as much interest into my work as if he were alive, because that is what he would like me to do.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=61}}</ref>}}这件事给图灵带来了巨大的悲痛。他与莫科姆一起在科学和数学方面付出了更多的努力，以此来应对自己的悲痛。图灵在写给莫科姆母亲弗朗西丝 · 伊泽贝尔 · 莫科姆(弗朗西丝 · 斯旺饰)的信中写道:
我敢肯定，我在任何地方都找不到另一个如此才华横溢、却又如此迷人、毫无想象力的伴侣。我把我对我的工作的兴趣，以及对天文学（他向我介绍的）的兴趣，看作是与他分享的东西，我想他对我的感觉也有点一样；。。。我知道，如果我的工作没有他活着时那么有兴趣，我也必须投入同样多的精力，因为他希望我这样做。
图灵和莫科姆的母亲的关系在莫科姆去世很久之后依然存在，她给图灵寄去了礼物，他也给莫科姆写了信，通常是在莫科姆的生日那天。在莫尔科姆逝世三周年的前一天(1933年2月13日) ，他写信给莫尔科姆夫人:
Turing's relationship with Morcom's mother continued long after Morcom's death, with her sending gifts to Turing, and him sending letters, typically on Morcom's birthday.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |publisher=Princeton University Press |author-link=Andrew Hodges |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |page=[https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg/page/87 87] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15564-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg|url-access=registration }}</ref> A day before the third anniversary of Morcom's death (13 February 1933), he wrote to Mrs. Morcom:{{blockquote|I expect you will be thinking of Chris when this reaches you. I shall too, and this letter is just to tell you that I shall be thinking of Chris and of you tomorrow. I am sure that he is as happy now as he was when he was here. Your affectionate Alan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |publisher=Princeton University Press |author-link=Andrew Hodges |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |page=[https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg/page/90 90] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15564-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg|url-access=registration }}</ref>}}图灵和莫科姆的母亲的关系在莫科姆去世很久之后依然存在，她给图灵寄去了礼物，他也给莫科姆写了信，通常是在莫科姆的生日那天。在莫尔科姆逝世三周年的前一天(1933年2月13日) ，他写信给莫尔科姆夫人:我想当你收到这封信时，你会想到克里斯。我也会的，这封信只是想告诉你，我明天会想起克里斯和你。我相信他现在和他在这里时一样快乐。亲爱的艾伦。
Some have speculated that Morcom's death was the cause of Turing's [[atheism]] and [[materialism]].<ref>Paul Gray, [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html Alan Turing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html |date=19 January 2011 }} Time Magazine's Most Important People of the Century, p. 2</ref> Apparently, at this point in his life he still believed in such concepts as a spirit, independent of the body and surviving death. In a later letter, also written to Morcom's mother, Turing wrote:{{blockquote|Personally, I believe that spirit is really eternally connected with matter but certainly not by the same kind of body ... as regards the actual connection between spirit and body I consider that the body can hold on to a 'spirit', whilst the body is alive and awake the two are firmly connected. When the body is asleep I cannot guess what happens but when the body dies, the 'mechanism' of the body, holding the spirit is gone and the spirit finds a new body sooner or later, perhaps immediately.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=82–83}}</ref><ref>[https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/alan-turing-and-the-nature-of-spirit/ The Old Shirburnian Society]</ref>}}Some have speculated that Morcom's death was the cause of Turing's atheism and materialism.Paul Gray, Alan Turing Time Magazine's Most Important People of the Century, p. 2 Apparently, at this point in his life he still believed in such concepts as a spirit, independent of the body and surviving death. In a later letter, also written to Morcom's mother, Turing wrote:
Some have speculated that Morcom's death was the cause of Turing's [[atheism]] and [[materialism]].<ref>Paul Gray, [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html Alan Turing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html |date=19 January 2011 }} Time Magazine's Most Important People of the Century, p. 2</ref> Paul Gray, Alan Turing Time Magazine's Most Important People of the Century, p. 2 Apparently, at this point in his life he still believed in such concepts as a spirit, independent of the body and surviving death. In a later letter, also written to Morcom's mother, Turing wrote:{{blockquote|Personally, I believe that spirit is really eternally connected with matter but certainly not by the same kind of body ... as regards the actual connection between spirit and body I consider that the body can hold on to a 'spirit', whilst the body is alive and awake the two are firmly connected. When the body is asleep I cannot guess what happens but when the body dies, the 'mechanism' of the body, holding the spirit is gone and the spirit finds a new body sooner or later, perhaps immediately.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=82–83}}</ref><ref>[https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/alan-turing-and-the-nature-of-spirit/ The Old Shirburnian Society]</ref>}}有人推测，莫科姆的死是图灵无神论和唯物主义的原因。保罗 · 格雷，阿兰 · 图灵时代杂志的《世纪最重要的人物》 ，第2页显然，在他生命的这个阶段，他仍然相信诸如精神、独立于肉体和生存于死亡的概念。在后来写给莫科姆母亲的一封信中，图灵写道:
就我个人而言，我相信精神确实与物质永恒地联系在一起，但肯定不是由同一种身体联系在一起的；。。。关于精神与身体的实际联系，我认为身体可以保持一种“精神”，而身体是活着的和清醒的，两者是紧密相连的。当身体处于睡眠状态时，我无法猜测会发生什么，但当身体死亡时，身体的“机制”失去了，保持着灵魂，灵魂迟早会找到一个新的身体，也许会立即找到。
===University and work on computability===
===University and work on computability===
After Sherborne, Turing studied as an undergraduate from 1931 to 1934 at [[King's College, Cambridge]],<ref name="whoswho" /> where he was awarded first-class honours in mathematics. In 1935, at the age of 22, he was elected a [[Fellow]] of King's College on the strength of a dissertation in which he proved the [[central limit theorem]].<ref>See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 [http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html Decembre 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421105727/http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html |date=21 April 2018 }} Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique</ref> Unknown to the committee, the theorem had already been proven, in 1922, by [[Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=88, 94}}</ref>
After Sherborne, Turing studied as an undergraduate from 1931 to 1934 at [[King's College, Cambridge]],<ref name="whoswho" /> where he was awarded first-class honours in mathematics. In 1935, at the age of 22, he was elected a [[Fellow]] of King's College on the strength of a dissertation in which he proved the [[central limit theorem]].<ref>See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 [http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html Decembre 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421105727/http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html |date=21 April 2018 }} Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique</ref> Unknown to the committee, the theorem had already been proven, in 1922, by [[Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=88, 94}}</ref>