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艾伦·图灵 (查看源代码)

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Turing decided to tackle the particularly difficult problem of [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma#German Naval Enigma|German naval Enigma]] "because no one else was doing anything about it and I could have it to myself".<ref name="MahonP14">{{Harvnb|Mahon|1945|p=14}}</ref> In December 1939, Turing solved the essential part of the naval [[Enigma machine#Indicator|indicator]] system, which was more complex than the indicator systems used by the other services.<ref name="MahonP14" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=184–186}}</ref>

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图灵决定解决德国海军谜团这个特别困难的问题，“因为没有其他人对此做任何事，而我可以独享它”。1939年12月，图灵解决了海军指示器系统的关键部分，它比其他军种使用的指示器系统更复杂。

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【最终版】图灵决定解决德国海军英格玛这个特别困难的问题，"因为没有人在做这方面的工作，我可以自己来做"。1939年12月，图灵解决了海军指标系统的关键部分，该系统比其他部门使用的指标系统更加复杂。

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【最终版】图灵决定解决德国海军谜机这个特别困难的问题，“因为没有人能解决它，我可以独享它”。1939年12月，图灵解决了海军指示系统的关键部分，它比其他服务使用的指示系统更复杂。

That same night, he also conceived of the idea of ''[[Banburismus]]'', a sequential statistical technique (what [[Abraham Wald]] later called [[sequential analysis]]) to assist in breaking the naval Enigma, "though I was not sure that it would work in practice, and was not, in fact, sure until some days had actually broken."<ref name="MahonP14" /> For this, he invented a measure of weight of evidence that he called the ''[[Ban (unit)|ban]]''. ''Banburismus'' could rule out certain sequences of the Enigma rotors, substantially reducing the time needed to test settings on the bombes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gladwin|first=Lee|date=Fall 1997|title=Alan Turing, Enigma, and the Breaking of German Machine Ciphers in World War II|url=https://www.archives.gov/files/publications/prologue/1997/fall/turing.pdf|journal=Prologue Magazine|volume=Fall 1997|pages=202–217|via=National Archives|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626211657/https://www.archives.gov/files/publications/prologue/1997/fall/turing.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Later this sequential process of accumulating sufficient weight of evidence using decibans (one tenth of a ban) was used in [[Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher]].<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Good | first1 = Jack | author-link = I. J. Good | last2 = Michie | first2 = Donald | author2-link = Donald Michie | last3 = Timms | first3 = Geoffrey | title = General Report on Tunny: With Emphasis on Statistical Methods | year = 1945 | id = UK Public Record Office HW 25/4 and HW 25/5 | url = http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/t/t15/TR15-018.html | at = Part 3 Organisation: 38 Wheel-breaking from Key, Page 293 | access-date = 13 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190421091539/http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/archive/t/t15/TR15-018.html | archive-date = 21 April 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>

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同一天晚上，他还提出了 Banburismus 的想法，这是一种序列统计技术(亚伯拉罕 · 沃尔德后来称之为序列分析) ，以帮助破解海军的谜团，“尽管我不确定它在实践中是否有效，事实上，直到有些日子真正破解之前，我也不确定。”为此，他发明了一种衡量证据重量的方法，他称之为禁令。班布里斯马斯可以排除恩尼格玛转子的某些序列，大大缩短了测试炸弹设置所需的时间。后来，这种使用十分之一密码(decibans)积累足够重量证据的顺序过程被用于对洛伦兹密码的密码分析。

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【最终版】同一天晚上，他还构思了Banburismus的想法，这是一种顺序统计技术（亚伯拉罕-瓦尔德后来称之为顺序分析），以协助破解海军英格玛，"尽管我不确定它在实践中是否可行，事实上，直到一些天后真正破解了才确定"。为此，他发明了一种衡量证据重要性的方法，他称之为禁令。Banburismus可以排除英格玛转子的某些序列，大大减少了在炸弹上测试设置所需的时间。后来，这种用分班（禁令的十分之一）积累足够证据权重的顺序过程被用于洛伦兹密码的密码分析。

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~~【最终版】当天晚上~~,他还设想Banburismus的想法,一个连续的统计方法(亚伯拉罕瓦尔德后来称为序列分析)协助打破了海军谜,“虽然我不确定,它将在实践中产生作用,或者不起作用,事实上,确定起作用了几天居然坏了。”为此，他发明了一种衡量证据权重的方法，他称之为禁令。Banburismus可以排除谜机转子的某些序列，大大减少了测试炸弹设置所需的时间。后来，这种使用十分班(禁令的十分之一)积累足够重量的证据的连续过程被用于洛伦兹密码的密码分析。

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Turing travelled to the United States in November 1942<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=242–245}}</ref> and worked with US Navy cryptanalysts on the naval Enigma and bombe construction in Washington; he also visited their [[United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory|Computing Machine Laboratory]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]].

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Turing travelled to the United States in November 1942<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=242–245}}</ref> and worked with US Navy cryptanalysts on the naval Enigma and bombe construction in Washington; he also visited their [[United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory|Computing Machine Laboratory]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]].

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【最终版】1942年11月，图灵前往美国，在华盛顿与美国海军的密码学家们一起研究海军的英格码和轰炸机的构造；他还参观了他们在俄亥俄州代顿的计算机实验室。

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~~图灵于1942年11月前往美国，与美国海军密码分析师一起在华盛顿进行海军恩尼格玛密码机和炸弹建造; 他还参观了位于俄亥俄州代顿的计算机实验室。~~

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【最终版】1942年11月，图灵前往美国，在华盛顿与美国海军密码分析师一起研究海军谜机和炸弹机的建造。他还参观了他们在俄亥俄州代顿市的计算机实验室。

Turing's reaction to the American bombe design was far from enthusiastic:{{blockquote|text=The American Bombe programme was to produce 336 Bombes, one for each wheel order. I used to smile inwardly at the conception of Bombe hut routine implied by this programme, but thought that no particular purpose would be served by pointing out that we would not really use them in that way.

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Their test (of commutators) can hardly be considered conclusive as they were not testing for the bounce with electronic stop finding devices. Nobody seems to be told about rods or offiziers or banburismus unless they are really going to do something about it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turing |first=Alan M. |year=2001 |journal=Cryptologia |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/0161-110191889734 |title=Visit to National Cash Register Corporation of Dayton, Ohio |s2cid=14207094 }}</ref>|source=}}

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Their test (of commutators) can hardly be considered conclusive as they were not testing for the bounce with electronic stop finding devices. Nobody seems to be told about rods or offiziers or banburismus unless they are really going to do something about it.|source=}}他们的测试(换向器)很难被认为是决定性的，因为他们没有测试弹跳与电子停止寻找设备。似乎没有人被告知棒、官员或班布里斯马斯，除非他们真的要做些什么。开始

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Their test (of commutators) can hardly be considered conclusive as they were not testing for the bounce with electronic stop finding devices. Nobody seems to be told about rods or offiziers or banburismus unless they are really going to do something about it.|source=}}

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~~【最终版】图灵对美国轰炸机的设计并不热心:~~

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美国炸弹机计划生产336架炸弹机，每个轮子一个订单。我曾经在心里对这个项目所暗示的Bombe小屋程序的概念微笑，但我认为指出我们不会以这种方式真正使用它们并不能达到任何特定的目的。

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【最终版】图灵对美国人的炸弹设计的反应远不是那么热情。

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美国的 "炸弹"计划是要生产336个 "炸弹"，每个轮次一个。我曾经对这一计划所隐含的轰炸机小屋的概念暗自发笑，但认为指出我们不会真正以这种方式使用它们并没有什么特别的作用。

During this trip, he also assisted at [[Bell Labs]] with the development of [[secure speech]] devices.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=245–253}}</ref> He returned to Bletchley Park in March 1943. During his absence, [[Colonel Hugh O'Donel Alexander|Hugh Alexander]] had officially assumed the position of head of Hut 8, although Alexander had been ''de facto'' head for some time (Turing having little interest in the day-to-day running of the section). Turing became a general consultant for cryptanalysis at Bletchley Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marshallfoundation.org/newsroom/marshall-legacy-series/codebreaking/|title=Marshall Legacy Series: Codebreaking – Events|website=marshallfoundation.org|access-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407030638/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/newsroom/marshall-legacy-series/codebreaking/|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

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在这次旅行中，他还在贝尔实验室协助开发安全语音设备。他于1943年3月返回 Bletchley Park。在他缺席期间，休 · 亚历山大正式担任了 Hut 8的负责人，尽管亚历山大实际上已经领导了一段时间(图灵对该部分的日常运行没有什么兴趣)。图灵成为了 Bletchley Park 密码分析的总顾问。

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【最终版】在这次旅行中，他还在贝尔实验室协助开发安全语音设备。1943年3月，他回到了布莱切利公园。在他离开期间，休-亚历山大正式担任了8号营房的负责人，尽管亚历山大在一段时间内一直是事实上的负责人（图灵对该部门的日常运作兴趣不大）。图灵成为布莱切利公园的密码分析的一般顾问。

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【最终版】在这次旅行中，他还在贝尔实验室协助开发安全语音设备。1943年3月，他回到了布莱切利公园。在他离开期间，休·亚历山大正式担任8号营房的负责人，尽管亚历山大实际上是负责人有一段时间了(图灵对营房的日常管理不感兴趣)。图灵成为了布莱切利公园密码分析的总顾问。

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Alexander wrote of Turing's contribution:{{blockquote|There should be no question in anyone's mind that Turing's work was the biggest factor in Hut 8's success. In the early days, he was the only cryptographer who thought the problem worth tackling and not only was he primarily responsible for the main theoretical work within the Hut, but he also shared with Welchman and Keen the chief credit for the invention of the bombe. It is always difficult to say that anyone is 'absolutely indispensable', but if anyone was indispensable to Hut 8, it was Turing. The pioneer's work always tends to be forgotten when experience and routine later make everything seem easy and many of us in Hut 8 felt that the magnitude of Turing's contribution was never fully realised by the outside world.<ref>{{Harvnb|Alexander|circa 1945|p=42}}</ref>}}亚历山大这样评价图灵的贡献:

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~~【最终版】亚历山大这样描述图灵的贡献~~:

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Alexander wrote of Turing's contribution:{{blockquote|There should be no question in anyone's mind that Turing's work was the biggest factor in Hut 8's success. In the early days, he was the only cryptographer who thought the problem worth tackling and not only was he primarily responsible for the main theoretical work within the Hut, but he also shared with Welchman and Keen the chief credit for the invention of the bombe. It is always difficult to say that anyone is 'absolutely indispensable', but if anyone was indispensable to Hut 8, it was Turing. The pioneer's work always tends to be forgotten when experience and routine later make everything seem easy and many of us in Hut 8 felt that the magnitude of Turing's contribution was never fully realised by the outside world.<ref>{{Harvnb|Alexander|circa 1945|p=42}}</ref>}}

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毫无疑问，图灵的工作是8号营房成功的最大因素。在早期，他是唯一一个认为这个问题值得解决的密码学家，他不仅主要负责小屋内的主要理论工作，而且还与韦尔奇曼和基恩分享了炸弹机发明的主要功劳。我们总是很难说有谁是绝对不可或缺的，但如果说有谁对8号营房来说是不可或缺的，那就是图灵。先驱们的工作往往会被遗忘，后来的经验和惯例使一切看起来很容易，我们8号营房的许多人感到，图灵的巨大贡献从来没有被外部世界充分认识到。

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【最终版】亚历山大在谈到图灵的贡献时写道：

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任何人都不应该怀疑图灵的工作是8号营房成功的最大因素。在早期，他是唯一认为这个问题值得解决的密码学家，他不仅主要负责营房内的主要理论工作，而且他还与韦尔奇曼和基恩分享了发明Bombe的主要功劳。要说谁是 "绝对不可缺少的 "总是很困难的，但如果说谁是8号营房不可缺少的，那就是图灵。当经验和制度后来使一切都显得容易时，先驱者的工作总是倾向于被遗忘，我们8号营房的许多人认为，图灵的贡献之大从未被外界充分认识。

===Turingery图灵格里===

In July 1942, Turing devised a technique termed ''[[Turingery]]'' (or jokingly ''Turingismus'')<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=380}}</ref> for use against the [[Lorenz cipher]] messages produced by the Germans' new ''Geheimschreiber'' (secret writer) machine. This was a [[teleprinter]] [[Rotor machine|rotor cipher attachment]] codenamed ''Tunny'' at Bletchley Park. Turingery was a method of ''wheel-breaking'', i.e., a procedure for working out the cam settings of Tunny's wheels.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=381}}</ref> He also introduced the Tunny team to [[Tommy Flowers]] who, under the guidance of [[Max Newman]], went on to build the [[Colossus computer]], the world's first programmable digital electronic computer, which replaced a simpler prior machine (the [[Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)|Heath Robinson]]), and whose superior speed allowed the statistical decryption techniques to be applied usefully to the messages.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=72}}</ref> Some have mistakenly said that Turing was a key figure in the design of the Colossus computer. Turingery and the statistical approach of Banburismus undoubtedly fed into the thinking about [[cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Gannon|2007|p=230}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Hilton|2006|pp=197–199}}</ref> but he was not directly involved in the Colossus development.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|pp=382, 383}}</ref>

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1942年7月，图灵发明了一种称为 Turingery (或开玩笑地称为 Turingismus)的技术，用来对付德国人的新型秘密作家机器产生的洛伦兹密码信息。这是一台电传打字机转子密码附件，代号为 Tunny，位于 Bletchley Park。车轮修理是车轮折断的一种方法，也就是计算出图尼车轮凸轮设置的一种程序。他还把 Tunny 团队介绍给了 Tommy Flowers，后者在 Max Newman 的指导下，建造了世界上第一台可编程数字电子计算机——巨像计算机，它取代了之前更简单的机器(Heath Robinson) ，其出色的速度使得统计解密技术能够有效地应用于信息。有些人错误地认为图灵是巨像计算机设计中的关键人物。图灵厄立特和班布里斯马斯的统计方法无疑为洛伦兹密码的密码分析思想提供了思路，但他并没有直接参与巨像的发展。

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【最终版】1942年7月，图灵设计了一种被称为Turingery（或开玩笑说Turingismus）的技术，用于对付德国人新的Geheimschreiber（秘密编写器）机器产生的洛伦兹密码信息。这是在布莱切利公园的一个电传打印机转子密码附件，代号为Tunny。Turingery是一种破轮的方法，即找出通尼的轮子的凸轮设置的程序。他还将Tunny团队介绍给了Tommy Flowers，后者在Max Newman的指导下，继续建造了Colossus计算机，这是世界上第一台可编程的数字电子计算机，它取代了之前更简单的机器（Heath Robinson），其优越的速度使得统计解密技术可以有效地应用于信息。有些人错误地说图灵是设计Colossus计算机的关键人物。Turingery和Banburismus的统计方法无疑为洛伦兹密码的密码分析提供了思路，但他没有直接参与Colossus的开发。

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【最终版】1942年7月，图灵发明了一种叫做图灵格里的技术，用来对付由德国的新Geheimschreiber(秘密编写器)机器产生的洛伦兹密码信息。这是布莱切利公园一个代号为金枪鱼的电传打字机转子密码附件。图灵格里是一种车轮断裂的方法，也就是说，一个程序来计算出金枪鱼的车轮的凸轮设置。他还把金枪鱼团队介绍给了汤米·弗劳尔斯，弗劳尔斯在马克斯·纽曼的指导下，继续建造了巨人计算机，这是世界上第一个可编程数字电子计算机，取代了以前更简单的机器(希斯·罗宾逊)，它的超高速使得统计解密技术可以有效地应用于这些信息。有些人错误地认为图灵是巨人计算机设计的关键人物。图灵格里和Banburismus的统计学方法无疑为洛伦兹密码的密码分析提供了思路，但他并没有直接参与巨人计算机的开发。

===Delilah黛利拉===

Following his work at [[Bell Labs]] in the US,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=245–250}}</ref> Turing pursued the idea of electronic enciphering of speech in the telephone system. In the latter part of the war, he moved to work for the Secret Service's Radio Security Service (later [[Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre|HMGCC]]) at [[Hanslope Park]]. At the park, he further developed his knowledge of electronics with the assistance of engineer Donald Bayley. Together they undertook the design and construction of a portable [[secure voice]] communications machine codenamed ''[[Delilah (voice encryption)|Delilah]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=273}}</ref> The machine was intended for different applications, but it lacked the capability for use with long-distance radio transmissions. In any case, Delilah was completed too late to be used during the war. Though the system worked fully, with Turing demonstrating it to officials by encrypting and decrypting a recording of a [[Winston Churchill]] speech, Delilah was not adopted for use.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=346}}</ref> Turing also consulted with Bell Labs on the development of [[SIGSALY]], a secure voice system that was used in the later years of the war.

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继美国贝尔实验室的工作之后，图灵在电话系统中追求电子加密语音的想法。在战争后期，他转而为特勤局的无线电安全服务(后来的 hmgc)在 Hanslope Park 工作。在公园里，他在工程师唐纳德 · 贝利的帮助下进一步发展了他的电子学知识。他们一起设计和建造了一个代号为 Delilah 的便携式安全语音通信机器。这种机器是为不同的应用而设计的，但是它缺乏用于长距离无线电传输的能力。无论如何，黛利拉完成得太晚了，不能在战争期间使用。虽然这个系统运行良好，图灵通过加密和解密一段温斯顿·丘吉尔的演讲录音向官员们展示了它，Delilah 并没有被采用。图灵还咨询了贝尔实验室关于 SIGSALY 的开发，这是一个安全的语音系统，在战争后期使用。

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【最终版】在美国贝尔实验室工作后，图灵追求在电话系统中对语音进行电子加密的想法。在战争后期，他转到汉斯洛普公园为特勤局的无线电安全局（后来的HMGCC）工作。在该公园，他在工程师唐纳德-贝利的协助下进一步发展了他的电子知识。他们一起设计和建造了一台代号为大利拉的便携式安全语音通信机。该机器旨在用于不同的应用，但它缺乏用于长距离无线电传输的能力。无论如何，"黛丽拉"完成得太晚，无法在战争期间使用。尽管该系统可以完全工作，图灵通过加密和解密温斯顿-丘吉尔的讲话录音向官员们展示了该系统，但黛丽拉没有被采用。图灵还与贝尔实验室协商开发了SIGSALY，这是一个安全的语音系统，在战争的后期使用。

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【最终版】在美国贝尔实验室工作之后，图灵开始研究电话系统中语音的电子加密。在战争后期，他去汉斯洛普公园为特勤局的无线电安全局(即后来的HMGCC)工作。在公园里，他在工程师唐纳德·贝利(Donald Bayley)的帮助下进一步发展了自己在电子方面的知识。他们一起设计和建造了一台代号为黛丽拉的便携式安全语音通信机。这台机器是为不同的应用而设计的，但它缺乏长距离无线电传输的能力。无论如何，黛丽拉完成得太晚，无法在战争期间使用。图灵通过加密和解密温斯顿·丘吉尔的一段演讲录音，向官员们演示了这个系统的工作原理，但黛丽拉并没有被采用。图灵还为贝尔实验室的sig萨利(sig萨利是一种安全语音系统，在战争后期被使用)的开发提供了咨询。

===Early computers and the Turing test早期的计算机和图灵测试===

[[File:Alan Turing 78 High Street Hampton blue plaque.jpg|thumb|Plaque, 78 High Street, [[Hampton, London|Hampton]]|链接=Special:FilePath/Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg]]Between 1945 and 1947, Turing lived in [[Hampton, London|Hampton]], London,<ref>{{openplaque|1619}}</ref> while he worked on the design of the [[ACE (computer)|ACE]] (Automatic Computing Engine) at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory (NPL)]]. He presented a paper on 19 February 1946, which was the first detailed design of a [[stored-program computer]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=108}}</ref> [[John von Neumann|Von Neumann]]'s incomplete ''[[First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC]]'' had predated Turing's paper, but it was much less detailed and, according to [[John R. Womersley]], Superintendent of the NPL Mathematics Division, it "contains a number of ideas which are Dr. Turing's own".<ref>{{cite web | last = Randell | first = Brian | author-link = Brian Randell | title = A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century: Colossus | year = 1980 | url = http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/books/papers/133.pdf | access-date = 27 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120127144927/http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/books/papers/133.pdf | archive-date = 27 January 2012 | url-status = live }} citing {{Cite journal | last = Womersley | first = J.R. | author-link = John R. Womersley | title = 'ACE' Machine Project | journal=Executive Committee, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex | date = 13 February 1946 }}</ref>citing

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早期的计算机和图灵测试1945年至1947年，图灵生活在汉普顿，在国家物理实验室(NPL)从事自动计算引擎(ACE)的设计工作。他在1946年2月19日发表了一篇论文，这是第一个详细设计的储存程式计算机。的不完整的 EDVAC报告书的第一份草案在图灵论文之前就已经发表了，但是它没有那么详细，而且，根据 NPL 数学部门的负责人 John r. Womersley 的说法，它“包含了许多图灵博士自己的想法”。引用

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【最终版】1945年至1947年间，图灵住在伦敦的汉普顿，同时他在国家物理实验室（NPL）从事ACE（自动计算引擎）的设计工作。他于1946年2月19日提交了一篇论文，这是第一份关于存储程序计算机的详细设计。冯-诺伊曼不完整的关于EDVAC的报告初稿比图灵的论文早，但它没有那么详细，根据NPL数学部主管约翰-R-沃默斯利的说法，它 "包含了许多图灵博士自己的想法"。

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【最终版】1945年到1947年，图灵住在伦敦的汉普顿，在国家物理实验室(NPL)从事自动计算引擎的设计工作。1946年2月19日，他提交了一篇论文，这是存储程序计算机的第一个详细设计。冯·诺伊曼关于EDVAC的报告初稿早在图灵的论文之前就已经写好了，但是它的细节要少得多。根据国家物理实验室数学部门主管约翰·r·沃默斯利的说法，它“包含了很多图灵博士自己的想法”。

Although ACE was a feasible design, the effect of the [[Official Secrets Act 1939|Official Secrets Act]] surrounding the wartime work at Bletchley Park made it impossible for Turing to explain the basis of his analysis of how a computer installation involving human operators would work.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |publisher=Princeton University Press |author-link=Andrew Hodges |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |page=[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Alan_Turing_The_Enigma/4muYDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Twenty%20years%20ahead%20of%20his%20time%22 416] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-691-16472-4}}</ref> This led to delays in starting the project and he became disillusioned. In late 1947 he returned to Cambridge for a sabbatical year during which he produced a seminal work on ''Intelligent Machinery'' that was not published in his lifetime.<ref>See {{harvnb|Copeland|2004b|pp=410–432}}</ref> While he was at Cambridge, the [[Pilot ACE]] was being built in his absence. It executed its first program on 10 May 1950, and a number of later computers around the world owe much to it, including the [[English Electric DEUCE]] and the American [[Bendix G-15]]. The full version of Turing's ACE was not built until after his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npl.co.uk/about/history/notable-individuals/turing/|title=Turing at NPL|access-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705082340/http://www.npl.co.uk/about/history/notable-individuals/turing/|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

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尽管 ACE 是一个可行的设计，但围绕 Bletchley Park 战时工作的《官方机密法》(Official Secrets Act)的影响，使得图灵无法解释他对涉及人工操作员的计算机安装如何工作的分析基础。这导致了项目开始的延迟，他开始感到幻灭。1947年末，他回到剑桥休假一年，在此期间，他完成了一部关于智能机械的开创性著作，但这部著作在他有生之年并未出版。当他在剑桥的时候，飞行员 ACE 正在他不在的时候建造。它在1950年5月10日执行了它的第一个程序，后来世界各地的许多计算机都归功于它，包括英国电动 DEUCE 和美国本迪克斯 G-~~15。图灵 ACE 的完整版直到他死后才被制造出来。~~

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【最终版】虽然ACE是一个可行的设计，但围绕着布莱切利公园的战时工作的官方保密法的影响，使得图灵不可能解释他对涉及人类操作的计算机装置如何工作的分析基础。这导致了项目启动的延迟，他也变得心灰意冷。1947年底，他回到剑桥大学进行休假，在此期间，他完成了一项关于智能机械的开创性工作，但在他有生之年没有发表。当他在剑桥的时候，Pilot ACE正在他不在的时候建造。它在1950年5月10日执行了它的第一个程序，后来世界上的一些计算机都归功于它，包括英国的Electric DEUCE和美国的Bendix G-15。图灵的ACE的完整版本直到他死后才建成。

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【最终版】虽然ACE是一个可行的设计，但由于《官方保密法》对战时布莱切利公园工作的影响，图灵无法解释他所分析的基于人类操作的计算机是如何工作的。这导致项目推迟启动，他的幻想破灭了。1947年底，他回到剑桥度过了一个休假年，在此期间，他创作了一部关于智能机械的开创性作品，但在他有生之年没有出版。当他在剑桥的时候，ACE飞行员正在建造中。它在1950年5月10日执行了它的第一个程序，后来世界各地的许多计算机都得益于它，包括英国的DEUCE和美国的Bendix G-15。图灵的ACE直到他死后才完成。

According to the memoirs of the German computer pioneer [[Heinz Billing]] from the [[Max Planck Institute for Physics]], published by Genscher, Düsseldorf, there was a meeting between Turing and [[Konrad Zuse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/Images/Turing_Zuse.pdf|title=Did Alan Turing interrogate Konrad Zuse in Göttingen in 1947?|author=Bruderer, Herbert|access-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521211106/http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/Images/Turing_Zuse.pdf|archive-date=21 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> It took place in [[Göttingen]] in 1947. The interrogation had the form of a colloquium. Participants were Womersley, Turing, Porter from England and a few German researchers like Zuse, Walther, and Billing (for more details see Herbert Bruderer, ''Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz'').

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根据杜塞尔多夫的根舍出版社出版的德国计算机先驱亨氏马克斯·普朗克物理学研究所的回忆录，图灵和康拉德 · 祖泽之间有过一次会面。故事发生在1947年的格丁根。这种审问采取了座谈会的形式。参与者分别是来自英国的沃姆斯利、图灵、波特和一些德国研究人员，比如 Zuse、 Walther 和 Billing (更多细节参见 Herbert Bruderer、 Konrad Zuse 和 die ~~Schweiz)。~~

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【最终版】根据马克斯-普朗克物理研究所的德国计算机先驱Heinz Billing的回忆录，由杜塞尔多夫的Genscher出版，图灵和Konrad Zuse之间有过一次会面。它于1947年在哥廷根发生。审讯采取了座谈会的形式。与会者有沃默斯利、图灵、来自英国的波特和一些德国研究人员，如祖思、瓦尔特和比林（更多细节见Herbert Bruderer, Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz）。

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【最终版】根据杜塞尔多夫的根舍出版社出版的德国计算机先驱亨氏马克斯·普朗克物理学研究所的回忆录，图灵和康拉德 · 祖泽之间有过一次会面。根据他的回忆录，图灵和康拉德·祖斯(Konrad Zuse)曾有过一次会面。它发生在1947年Göttingen。审讯是以讨论会的形式进行的。参与者是来自英国的沃默斯利、图灵、波特和一些德国研究人员，如Zuse、Walther和Billing(更多细节见Herbert Bruderer、Konrad Zuse和die Schweiz)。

In 1948, Turing was appointed [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]] in the [[School of Mathematics, University of Manchester|Mathematics Department]] at the [[Victoria University of Manchester]]. A year later, he became deputy director of the Computing Machine Laboratory, where he worked on software for one of the earliest [[Von Neumann architecture|stored-program]] computers—the [[Manchester Mark 1]]. Turing wrote the first version of the Programmer's Manual for this machine, and was recruited by Ferranti as a consultant in the development of their commercialised machine, the Ferranti Mark 1. He continued to be paid consultancy fees by Ferranti until his death.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.manturing.net/|title=Alan Turing's Manchester|last=Swinton|first=Jonathan|publisher=Infang Publishing|year=2019|isbn=978-0-9931789-2-4|location=Manchester|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217172318/https://www.manturing.net/|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> During this time, he continued to do more abstract work in mathematics,<ref name="doi10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287">{{Cite journal|last1 = Turing |first1 = A.M.|doi = 10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287 |title = Rounding-Off Errors in Matrix Processes |journal = The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics |volume = 1| pages = 287–308 |year = 1948|hdl = 10338.dmlcz/103139}}</ref> and in "[[Computing Machinery and Intelligence]]" (''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', October 1950), Turing addressed the problem of [[artificial intelligence]], and proposed an experiment that became known as the [[Turing test]], an attempt to define a standard for a machine to be called "intelligent". The idea was that a computer could be said to "think" if a human interrogator could not tell it apart, through conversation, from a human being.<ref>[[Stevan Harnad|Harnad, Stevan]] (2008) [http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/262954/ The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery and Intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018070225/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/262954/ |date=18 October 2017 }}. In: Epstein, Robert & Peters, Grace (Eds.) ''Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer''. Springer</ref> Harnad, Stevan (2008) The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery and Intelligence . In: Epstein, Robert & Peters, Grace (Eds.) Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer. Springer In the paper, Turing suggested that rather than building a program to simulate the adult mind, it would be better to produce a simpler one to simulate a child's mind and then to subject it to a course of education. A [[Turing test#Reverse Turing test and CAPTCHA|reversed]] form of the Turing test is widely used on the Internet; the [[CAPTCHA]] test is intended to determine whether the user is a human or a computer.

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1948年，图灵被任命为曼彻斯特维多利亚大学数学系的讲师。一年后，他成为计算机机器实验室的副主任，在那里，他为最早的存储程序计算机之一——曼彻斯特 Mark 1——开发软件。图灵为这台机器写了第一版程序员手册，并被费兰蒂聘为他们商业化机器费兰蒂马克1的开发顾问。他继续支付费朗蒂咨询费，直到他去世。在此期间，他继续从事更多抽象的数学工作，在《计算机器与智能》(1950年10月，心智)一书中，图灵提出了人工智能的问题，并提出了一个后来被称为图灵测试的实验，试图为机器定义一个被称为“智能”的标准。当时的想法是，如果人类审讯者无法通过对话将电脑与人类区分开来，那么电脑就可以说是在“思考”。哈纳德，斯蒂文(2008)的注释游戏: 关于图灵(1950)的计算，机械和智能。年: 爱普斯坦，罗伯特 & 彼得斯，格雷斯(编)解析图灵测试: 思维计算机探索中的哲学与方法论问题。斯普林格在论文中，图灵提出，与其编写一个程序来模拟成人的思维，不如编写一个更简单的程序来模拟儿童的思维，然后对其进行一系列的教育。图灵测试的反向形式在互联网上被广泛使用; CAPTCHA 测试的目的是确定用户是人还是计算机。

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【最终版】1948年，图灵被任命为曼彻斯特维多利亚大学数学系的读者。一年后，他成为计算机实验室的副主任，在那里他为最早的存储程序计算机之一--曼彻斯特马克1号--开发软件。图灵为这台机器编写了第一版《程序员手册》，并被费兰蒂公司聘为顾问，负责开发他们的商业化机器--费兰蒂Mark 1。他一直被费兰蒂公司支付顾问费，直到他去世。在此期间，他继续从事更抽象的数学工作，在《计算机械与智能》（Mind，1950年10月）中，图灵探讨了人工智能的问题，并提出了一个被称为图灵测试的实验，试图为机器被称为 "智能 "定义一个标准。这个想法是，如果人类审讯者无法通过对话将计算机与人类区分开来，那么就可以说计算机有 "思想"。《注释游戏:论图灵(1950):计算、机械和智能》.在Epstein, Robert & Peters, Grace (Eds.)解析图灵测试: 思考计算机探索中的哲学和方法论问题。在论文中，图灵建议，与其建立一个模拟成人思维的程序，不如制作一个更简单的程序来模拟儿童的思维，然后让它接受一个教育课程。图灵测试的一种反转形式在互联网上被广泛使用；CAPTCHA测试旨在确定用户是人类还是计算机。

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【最终版】1948年，图灵被任命为曼彻斯特维多利亚大学数学系的读书人。一年后，他成为计算机实验室的副主任，在那里他为最早的存储程序计算机之一——曼彻斯特马克1号开发软件。图灵为这台机器编写了《程序员手册》的第一个版本，并被弗兰蒂公司聘请为他们商业化机器——弗兰蒂马克1号的开发顾问。弗兰蒂继续向他支付咨询费，直到他去世。在此期间,他继续做更抽象的数学工作,并在“机械和智能计算”(看来,1950年10月),图灵解决人工智能的问题,并提出了一个实验,被称为图灵测试,试图定义一个标准的机器被称为“智能”。他们的想法是，如果人类询问者不能通过对话将计算机与人类区分开来，那么计算机就可以说是在“思考”。《注释游戏:论图灵(1950):~~计算、机械和智能》。见:Epstein~~, Robert & Peters, Grace(编著)解析图灵测试:探索有思维的计算机的哲学和方法论问题。在这篇论文中，图灵建议，与其开发一个模拟成人思维的程序，不如开发一个更简单的程序来模拟儿童的思维，然后对其进行教育。图灵测试的一种反形式在互联网上被广泛使用;验证码测试的目的是确定用户是人还是计算机。

In 1948 Turing, working with his former undergraduate colleague, [[D.G. Champernowne]], began writing a [[chess]] program for a computer that did not yet exist. By 1950, the program was completed and dubbed the [[Turochamp]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Clark|first=Liat|title=Turing's achievements: codebreaking, AI and the birth of computer science|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-06/18/turing-contributions?page=all|magazine=Wired|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102122933/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-06/18/turing-contributions?page=all|archive-date=2 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1952, he tried to implement it on a [[Ferranti Mark 1]], but lacking enough power, the computer was unable to execute the program. Instead, Turing "ran" the program by flipping through the pages of the algorithm and carrying out its instructions on a chessboard, taking about half an hour per move. The game was recorded.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1356927 Alan Turing vs Alick Glennie (1952) "Turing Test"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219033248/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1356927 |date=19 February 2006 }} Chessgames.com</ref> Alan Turing vs Alick Glennie (1952) "Turing Test" Chessgames.com According to [[Garry Kasparov]], Turing's program "played a recognizable game of chess."<ref>Kasparov, Garry, Smart machines will free us all, ''The Wall Street Journal'', 15–16 April 2017, p. c3</ref> Kasparov, Garry, Smart machines will free us all, The Wall Street Journal, 15–16 April 2017, p. c3 The program lost to Turing's colleague [[Alick Glennie]], although it is said that it won a game against Champernowne's wife, Isabel.<ref>{{cite web|last1=O'Connor|first1=J.J.|last2=Robertson|first2=E.F.|title=David Gawen Champernowne|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Champernowne.html|work=MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019123016/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Champernowne.html|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

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~~1948年，图灵与他以前的本科生同事 d~~.g。Champernowne，开始为一台还不存在的计算机编写国际象棋程序。到了1950年，这个项目完成了，并被称为图罗尚。在1952年，他试图实现它在一个费朗蒂马克1，但由于缺乏足够的权力，计算机无法执行该程序。取而代之的是，图灵通过快速浏览算法页面并在棋盘上执行指令来“运行”程序，每次运行大约需要半个小时。比赛被记录了下来。Alan Turing vs Alick Glennie (1952)“ Turing ~~Test”chessgames~~. com 根据 Garry Kasparov 的说法，图灵的程序“玩的是一种公认的国际象棋游戏。“卡斯帕罗夫，加里，智能机器将解放我们所有人，《华尔街日报》，2017年4月15日至16日，第 c3页。虽然据说它在一场比赛中击败了尚伯努尼的妻子伊莎贝尔，但这个程序输给了图灵的同事阿利克 · 格伦尼。

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【最终版】1948年，图灵与他以前的本科同事D.G. Champernowne合作，开始为一台还不存在的计算机编写国际象棋程序。到1950年，该程序已经完成，并被称为 "图灵尚"。1952年，他试图在Ferranti Mark 1上实现该程序，但由于缺乏足够的动力，该计算机无法执行该程序。相反，图灵通过翻阅算法的页面来 "运行 "该程序，并在棋盘上执行其指令，每一步都要花费大约半小时。这场比赛被记录了下来。Alan Turing vs Alick Glennie (1952) "Turing Test" Chessgames.com 根据Garry Kasparov的说法，图灵的程序 "下了一盘可识别的国际象棋"。Kasparov, Garry, Smart machines will free us all, The Wall Street Journal, 15-16 April 2017, p. c3 该程序输给了图灵的同事Alick Glennie，不过据说它在与Champernowne的妻子Isabel的比赛中获胜。

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【最终版】1948年，图灵和他以前的大学同学晨佩侬开始为一台当时还不存在的计算机编写国际象棋程序。到1950年，这个项目完成了，并被称为“图罗尚”。1952年，他试图在一辆弗兰蒂马克1号上实现它，但由于功率不足，计算机无法执行该程序。相反，图灵通过翻看算法的页面，在棋盘上执行它的指令来“运行”程序，每走一步大约需要半个小时。比赛被录了下来。艾伦·图灵与艾里克·格兰尼(1952)根据加里·卡斯帕罗夫的说法，图灵的程序“玩的是一场可识别的国际象棋游戏。”这个程序输给了图灵的同事阿利克·格伦尼(Alick Glennie)，尽管据说它赢了一场比赛，打败了晨佩侬的妻子伊莎贝尔(Isabel)。

His Turing test was a significant, characteristically provocative, and lasting contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence, which continues after more than half a century.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pinar Saygin | first1 = A. | last2 = Cicekli | first2 = I. | last3 = Akman | first3 = V. | journal = Minds and Machines | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–518 | year = 2000 |title=Turing Test: 50 Years Later| doi = 10.1023/A:1011288000451 | hdl = 11693/24987 | s2cid = 990084 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

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~~他的图灵测试是对人工智能争论的一个重要的、有特点的、持久的贡献，这场争论持续了半个多世纪。~~

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【最终版】他的图灵测试对有关人工智能的辩论做出了重要的、具有特色的挑战性和持久的贡献，这种辩论在半个多世纪后仍在继续。

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~~【最终版】他的图灵测试是一个重要的、具有代表性的、使人兴奋的、对有关人工智能的辩论的持久贡献，这场辩论持续了半个多世纪。~~

===Pattern formation and mathematical biology模式形成和数学生物学===

When Turing was 39 years old in 1951, he turned to [[Mathematical and theoretical biology|mathematical biology]], finally publishing his masterpiece "[[The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis]]" in January 1952. He was interested in [[morphogenesis]], the development of patterns and shapes in biological organisms. He suggested that a system of chemicals reacting with each other and diffusing across space, termed a [[reaction–diffusion system]], could account for "the main phenomena of morphogenesis".<ref>{{cite journal | first=Alan M. | last=Turing | author-link=Alan Turing | title=The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B | date=14 August 1952 | doi=10.1098/rstb.1952.0012 | volume=237 | number=641 | pages=37–72 | bibcode=1952RSPTB.237...37T | s2cid=120437796 }}</ref> He used systems of [[partial differential equations]] to model catalytic chemical reactions. For example, if a catalyst A is required for a certain chemical reaction to take place, and if the reaction produced more of the catalyst A, then we say that the reaction is [[autocatalytic]], and there is positive feedback that can be modelled by nonlinear differential equations. Turing discovered that patterns could be created if the chemical reaction not only produced catalyst A, but also produced an inhibitor B that slowed down the production of A. If A and B then diffused through the container at different rates, then you could have some regions where A dominated and some where B did. To calculate the extent of this, Turing would have needed a powerful computer, but these were not so freely available in 1951, so he had to use linear approximations to solve the equations by hand. These calculations gave the right qualitative results, and produced, for example, a uniform mixture that oddly enough had regularly spaced fixed red spots. The Russian biochemist [[Boris Pavlovich Belousov|Boris Belousov]] had performed experiments with similar results, but could not get his papers published because of the contemporary prejudice that any such thing violated the [[second law of thermodynamics]]. Belousov was not aware of Turing's paper in the ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]''.<ref>John Gribbin, ''Deep Simplicity'', p. 126, Random House, 2004</ref>John Gribbin, Deep Simplicity, p. 126, Random House, 2004

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1951年，39岁的图灵转向数学生物学，最终于1952年1月出版了他的杰作《形态发生的化学基础》。他对形态发生很感兴趣，即生物有机体中模式和形状的发展。他认为，一个化学物质相互反应并在空间扩散的系统，称为反应扩散系统，可以解释“形态发生的主要现象”。他用偏微分方程系统来模拟催化化学反应。例如，如果一个特定的化学反应需要一个催化剂 a，并且如果该反应产生了更多的催化剂 a，那么我们说该反应是自催化的，并且有正反馈，可以用非线性微分方程来模拟。图灵发现，如果化学反应不仅产生了催化剂 a，而且还产生了抑制剂 b，从而减缓了 a 的生成，那么这些图案就可以被创造出来。如果 a 和 b 以不同的速率在容器中扩散，那么可能会有 a 占优势的区域和 b 占优势的区域。为了计算这种程度，图灵需要一台功能强大的计算机，但是在1951年，这些计算机还没有那么容易获得，所以他不得不用线性近似法手工求解方程。这些计算给出了正确的定性结果，并产生了一种均匀的混合物，奇怪的是它有规律地间隔着固定的红点。俄罗斯生物化学家 Boris Belousov 也进行过类似的实验，但由于当时的偏见，他的论文无法发表，因为任何这样的事情都违反了热力学第二定律。贝洛索夫并不知道图灵在《皇家学会哲学汇刊》上发表的论文。126，Random House，2004

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【最终版】1951年图灵39岁时，他转向了数学生物学，最终在1952年1月发表了他的代表作《形态发生的化学基础》。他对形态发生感兴趣，即生物体内模式和形状的发展。他提出，一个化学物质相互反应并在空间扩散的系统，被称为反应-扩散系统，可以解释 "形态发生的主要现象"。他用偏微分方程系统来模拟催化性化学反应。例如，如果某种化学反应的发生需要一种催化剂A，如果反应产生了更多的催化剂A，那么我们就说这个反应是自催化的，存在着正反馈，可以用非线性微分方程来模拟。图灵发现，如果化学反应不仅产生了催化剂A，而且还产生了减缓A产生的抑制剂B，那么就会产生模式。如果A和B以不同的速度在容器中扩散，那么就会出现一些A占优势的区域和一些B占优势的区域。为了计算这种情况的程度，图灵需要一台强大的计算机，但这些计算机在1951年并不那么容易获得，所以他不得不使用线性近似法来手工解决这些方程式。这些计算给出了正确的定性结果，并产生了，例如，一个均匀的混合物，奇怪的是，它有固定间距的固定红点。俄罗斯生物化学家鲍里斯-贝卢索夫（Boris Belousov）进行了具有类似结果的实验，但由于当代人认为任何此类事情都违反了热力学第二定律的偏见，他的论文未能发表。贝卢索夫并不知道图灵在《皇家学会哲学期刊》上发表的论文。约翰-格里宾，《深度简化》，第126页，兰登书屋，2004年。

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【最终版】1951年，图灵39岁的时候，他转向数学生物学，最终在1952年1月出版了他的杰作《形态发生的化学基础》。他对形态发生感兴趣，也就是生物有机体中模式和形状的发展。他认为，一个化学物质相互作用并在空间中扩散的系统，被称为反应-扩散系统，可以解释“形态发生的主要现象”。他用偏微分方程组来模拟催化化学反应。例如，如果某一化学反应的发生需要催化剂A，如果反应产生了更多的催化剂A，那么我们就说这个反应是自催化的，有一个正反馈可以用非线性微分方程来模拟。图灵发现在特定情况下扩散系统模式将会被刻画出来，如果化学反应不仅仅产生了催化剂A，而且同时还产生了抑制剂B，这里的抑制剂B会减缓A的产生。如果A和B的生产以不同的速率扩散到容器中,然后你可以有一些地区主导A和B。为了计算这个范围，图灵需要一台强大的计算机，但在1951年，这台计算机还没有普及，所以他不得不使用线性近似来手工求解方程。这些计算给出了正确的定性结果，并产生了，例如，一种均匀的混合物，奇怪的是，它有规律地间隔着固定的红点。俄罗斯生物化学家鲍里斯·别洛乌索夫(Boris Belousov)也做过类似的实验，但他的论文未能发表，因为当时人们认为这样的实验违反了热力学第二定律。别洛乌索夫并不知道图灵在《皇家学会哲学学报》上发表的论文。约翰·格里宾，《深层的简单》，第126页，兰登书屋，2004年。

Although published before the structure and role of [[DNA]] was understood, Turing's work on morphogenesis remains relevant today and is considered a seminal piece of work in mathematical biology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html |title=Turing's Last, Lost work |access-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823032620/http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html |archive-date=23 August 2003 }}</ref> One of the early applications of Turing's paper was the work by James Murray explaining spots and stripes on the fur of cats, large and small.<ref>James Murray, ''How the leopard gets its spots'', Scientific American, vol 258, number 3, p. 80, March 1988</ref><ref>James Murray, ''Mathematical Biology I'', 2007, Chapter 6, Springer Verlag</ref><ref>John Gibbin, Deep Simplicity, p. 134, Random House, 2004</ref> James Murray, How the leopard gets its spots, Scientific American, vol 258, number 3, p. 80, March 1988James Murray, Mathematical Biology I, 2007, Chapter 6, Springer VerlagJohn Gibbin, Deep Simplicity, p. 134, Random House, 2004 Further research in the area suggests that Turing's work can partially explain the growth of "feathers, hair follicles, the branching pattern of lungs, and even the left-right asymmetry that puts the heart on the left side of the chest."<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.338.6113.1406|pmid=23239707|title=Turing Pattern Fingered for Digit Formation|journal=Science|volume=338|issue=6113|pages=1406|year=2012|last1=Vogel|first1=G.|bibcode=2012Sci...338.1406V}}</ref> In 2012, Sheth, et al. found that in mice, removal of [[Hox genes]] causes an increase in the number of digits without an increase in the overall size of the limb, suggesting that Hox genes control digit formation by tuning the wavelength of a Turing-type mechanism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Sheth |first1 = R. |last2 = Marcon |first2 = L. |last3 = Bastida |first3 = M.F. |last4 = Junco |first4 = M. |last5 = Quintana |first5 = L. |last6 = Dahn |first6 = R. |last7 = Kmita |first7 = M. |last8 = Sharpe |first8 = J. |last9 = Ros |first9 = M.A. |doi = 10.1126/science.1226804 |title = Hox Genes Regulate Digit Patterning by Controlling the Wavelength of a Turing-Type Mechanism |journal = Science |volume = 338 |issue = 6113 |pages = 1476–1480 |year = 2012 |pmid = 23239739 |pmc = 4486416 |bibcode = 2012Sci...338.1476S }}</ref> Later papers were not available until ''Collected Works of A. M. Turing'' was published in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Alan Turing Bibliography|url=http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio3.html|page=morphogenesis|publisher=turing.org.uk|access-date=27 July 2015|author=Andrew Hodges|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905180420/http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio3.html|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

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虽然在 DNA 的结构和作用被理解之前就已经发表了，但是图灵在形态发生方面的工作至今仍然有意义，并且被认为是数学生物学领域的一项开创性工作。图灵论文的早期应用之一是詹姆斯 · 默里的工作，他解释了大大小小的猫毛上的斑点和条纹。詹姆斯 · 默里，《豹子是如何长出斑点的》，《科学美国人》，第258卷，第3期，第80页，1988年3月詹姆斯 · 默里，《数学生物学 i 》，2007年，第6章，斯普林格出版社，约翰 · 吉宾，《深度简单》，第134页，兰登书屋，2004年进一步的研究表明，图灵的工作可以部分地解释“羽毛、毛囊、肺部模式，甚至是将心脏置于胸部左侧的左右不对称”的生长2012年，Sheth 等人。研究人员发现，在小鼠身上，去除 Hox 基因会导致手指数量的增加，而不会增加肢体的整体尺寸，这表明 Hox 基因通过调节图灵类型机制的波长来控制手指的形成。后来的论文直到1992年《图灵作品集》出版才被发表。

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【最终版】虽然在DNA的结构和作用被理解之前就已经发表了，但图灵关于形态发生的工作至今仍有意义，被认为是数学生物学的开创性工作。图灵论文的早期应用之一是詹姆斯-默里的工作，他解释了大大小小的猫的皮毛上的斑点和条纹。詹姆斯穆雷,豹的斑点,《科学美国人》,第258卷,3号,p。80年,1988年3月詹姆斯·莫里数学生物学,2007年,第6章,施普林格VerlagJohn Gibbin,深简单,p。134年,兰登书屋,2004年在该领域的进一步研究表明，图灵的工作可以部分解释 "羽毛、毛囊、肺的分支模式，甚至使心脏位于胸部左侧的左右不对称 "的生长。2012年，Sheth等人发现，在小鼠中，去除Hox基因会导致指头数量的增加，但肢体的整体尺寸却没有增加，这表明Hox基因通过调整图灵型机制的波长来控制指头的形成。后来的论文直到《A.M.图灵作品集》在1992年出版时才得以发表。

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【最终版】尽管在DNA的结构和作用被理解之前，图灵就发表了这篇论文，但他在形态发生方面的研究在今天仍然具有重要意义，并被认为是数学生物学领域的一项开创性工作。图灵论文的早期应用之一是詹姆斯·默里(James Murray)对大大小小的猫毛上的斑点和条纹的解释。詹姆斯穆雷,豹的斑点,《科学美国人》,第258卷,3号,p。80年,1988年3月詹姆斯·莫里数学生物学,2007年,第6章,施普林格VerlagJohn Gibbin,深简单,p。134年,兰登书屋,2004年在该地区进一步的研究表明,图灵的工作可以部分解释的增长“羽毛,毛囊,肺的分支模式，甚至是左右不对称，使得心脏位于胸腔的左侧。”2012年，Sheth等人在老鼠身上发现，去除Hox基因会导致手指数量的增加，但不会增加肢体的整体尺寸，这表明Hox基因通过调节图灵型机制的波长来控制手指的形成。后来的论文直到1992年出版的《图灵作品集》才公开。

==Personal life个人生活==

第351行：第329行：

In 1941, Turing proposed marriage to Hut 8 colleague [[Joan Clarke]], a fellow mathematician and cryptanalyst, but their engagement was short-lived. After admitting his homosexuality to his fiancée, who was reportedly "unfazed" by the revelation, Turing decided that he could not go through with the marriage.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=176–178}}</ref>

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个人生活1941年，图灵向 Hut 8的同事琼 · 克拉克求婚，她是一位数学家和密码分析家，但他们的婚约是短暂的。在向他的未婚妻承认自己是同性恋后，图灵决定不再继续这段婚姻。据报道，他的未婚妻对此并不担心。

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【最终版】1941年，图灵向8号营房的同事Joan Clarke求婚，Joan Clarke是一位数学家和密码学专家，但他们的订婚时间很短。在向他的未婚妻承认了他的同性恋身份后，据说未婚妻对这一消息 "无动于衷"，图灵决定他不能再继续这段婚姻了。

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【最终版】1941年，图灵向8号营房的同事、数学家兼密码分析师琼·克拉克求婚，但他们的订婚期很短。图灵向他的未婚妻承认了自己的同性恋身份，据报道，图灵对这一爆料“并不担心”。之后，图灵决定他不能继续这段婚姻。

===Conviction for indecency因猥亵而被定罪===

In January 1952, Turing was 39 when he started a relationship with Arnold Murray, a 19-year-old unemployed man. Just before Christmas, Turing was walking along Manchester's [[Wilmslow Road|Oxford Road]] when he met Murray just outside the [[Dancehouse|Regal Cinema]] and invited him to lunch. On 23 January, Turing's house was burgled. Murray told Turing that he and the burglar were acquainted, and Turing reported the crime to the police. During the investigation, he acknowledged a sexual relationship with Murray. Homosexual acts were criminal offences in the United Kingdom at that time,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=458}}</ref> and both men were charged with "[[gross indecency]]" under [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885#Section 11|Section 11]] of the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]].<ref name="LeavittP268">{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=268}}</ref> Initial [[committal procedure|committal proceedings]] for the trial were held on 27 February during which Turing's solicitor "reserved his defence", i.e., did not argue or provide evidence against the allegations.

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1952年1月，39岁的图灵与19岁的失业男子阿诺德 · 穆雷开始恋爱。就在圣诞节前，图灵在曼彻斯特的牛津路散步时，在 Regal 电影院外遇到了默里，并邀请他共进午餐。1月23日，图灵的家被盗。默里告诉图灵，他和窃贼是熟人，图灵向警方报案。在调查过程中，他承认与莫里发生过性关系。同性恋行为在当时的英国是犯罪行为，根据美国最高1885年刑事修正法令第11条，两人都被指控犯有“严重猥亵罪”。2月27日进行了初步交付审判程序，期间图灵的律师”保留了他的辩护”，即没有对指控进行辩论或提供证据。

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【最终版】1952年1月，图灵39岁，他与19岁的失业男子阿诺德-默里开始了一段关系。就在圣诞节前，图灵沿着曼彻斯特的牛津路散步，他在富豪影院外遇到了默里，并邀请他共进午餐。1月23日，图灵的房子被盗。默里告诉图灵，他和窃贼是认识的，图灵向警方报了案。在调查期间，他承认与默里有性关系。同性恋行为在当时的英国属于刑事犯罪，根据1885年《刑法修正案》第11条，两人都被指控为 "严重猥亵"。2月27日进行了初步的审判程序，期间图灵的律师 "保留辩护"，即没有对指控进行辩论或提供证据。

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【最终版】1952年1月，图灵39岁，与19岁的无业青年阿诺德·默里开始了一段恋情。圣诞节前，图灵走在曼彻斯特的牛津路上，在皇家影院外遇到了默里，并邀请他共进午餐。1月23日，图灵的家被盗了。默里告诉图灵，他和窃贼认识，图灵向警方报案。在调查期间，他承认与默里有性关系。同性恋行为在当时的英国是刑事犯罪，根据《1885年刑法修正案》第11条，两人被控犯有“严重猥亵罪”。2月27日，图灵的律师进行了初步的审判，在此期间，图灵的律师“保留了他的辩护”，也就是说，他没有为指控辩护或提供证据。

Turing was later convinced by the advice of his brother and his own solicitor, and he entered a plea of guilty.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |publisher=Princeton University Press |author-link=Andrew Hodges |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |page=[https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg/page/463 463] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15564-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg|url-access=registration }}</ref> The case, ''[[Elizabeth II|Regina]] v. Turing and Murray,'' was brought to trial on 31 March 1952.<ref>{{cite book |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |publisher=Princeton University Press |author-link=Andrew Hodges |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |page=[https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg/page/471 471] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15564-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg|url-access=registration }}</ref> Turing was convicted and given a choice between imprisonment and probation. His probation would be conditional on his agreement to undergo [[hormone|hormonal]] physical changes designed to reduce [[libido]]. He accepted the option of injections of what was then called stilboestrol (now known as [[diethylstilbestrol]] or DES), a synthetic [[oestrogen]]; this feminization of his body was continued for the course of one year. The treatment rendered Turing [[impotence|impotent]] and caused [[gynaecomastia|breast tissue to form]],<ref>{{cite book | title=Alan Turing: The Enigma The Centenary Edition | publisher=Princeton University | author= Hodges, Andrew | year=2012}}</ref> fulfilling in the literal sense Turing's prediction that "no doubt I shall emerge from it all a different man, but quite who I've not found out".<ref>{{cite web |title=Letters of Note: Yours in distress, Alan |last=Turing |first=Alan |year=1952 |url=http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/06/yours-in-distress-alan.html |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120024901/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/06/yours-in-distress-alan.html |url-status=dead |access-date=16 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |publisher=Princeton University Press |author-link=Andrew Hodges |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |page=xxviii |year= 2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15564-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma0000hodg|url-access=registration }}</ref> Murray was given a conditional discharge.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=473}}</ref>

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后来，图灵听从了他哥哥和他的律师的建议，认罪了。雷吉娜诉图灵和默里案于1952年3月31日开庭审理。图灵被判有罪，并在监禁和缓刑之间做出选择。他的缓刑将以他同意接受旨在降低性欲的荷尔蒙生理变化为条件。他接受了注射一种当时被称为己烯雌酚的合成雌激素的选择，这种女性化的身体持续了一年。这种治疗使得图灵无能为力，导致乳腺组织形成，从字面意义上实现了图灵的预言: “毫无疑问，我将从这一切中脱离出来，成为一个完全不同的人，但完全是一个我没有发现的人。”。默里被有条件地释放了。

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【最终版】图灵后来被他的兄弟和他自己的律师的建议所说服，他做了有罪答辩。1952年3月31日，"Regina诉图灵和默里 "一案进行了审判。图灵被定罪，并在监禁和缓刑之间做出了选择。他的缓刑的条件是他同意接受旨在减少性欲的荷尔蒙身体变化。他接受了注射当时被称为stilboestrol（现在被称为diethylstilbestrol或DES）的选择，这是一种合成雌激素；这种对他身体的女性化处理持续了一年。这种治疗使图灵阳痿，并导致乳房组织的形成，从字面意义上实现了图灵的预言："毫无疑问，我将从这一切中脱颖而出，成为一个不同的人，但究竟是谁，我还没有发现。" 默里被有条件释放。

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【最终版】后来，在哥哥和律师的劝说下，图灵认罪了。里贾纳诉图灵和默里案于1952年3月31日开庭审理。图灵被判有罪，可以选择监禁或缓刑。他的缓刑条件是他同意接受荷尔蒙生理变化，以降低性欲。他接受了注射当时被称为stilbo雌酚(现在被称为己烯雌酚或DES)的合成雌激素的选择;他身体的女性化持续了一年之久。这种治疗使图灵阳痿，并导致乳房组织形成，这完全实现了图灵的预言:“毫无疑问，我将成为一个完全不同的人，但我还不知道是谁。”默里被有条件地释放了。

Turing's conviction led to the removal of his security clearance and barred him from continuing with his cryptographic consultancy for the [[Government Communications Headquarters]] (GCHQ), the British [[signals intelligence]] agency that had evolved from GC&CS in 1946, though he kept his academic job. He was denied entry into the United States after his conviction in 1952, but was free to visit other European countries.<ref>{{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|p=143}}</ref>

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~~图灵的定罪导致他的安全许可被撤销，并且禁止他继续为英国政府通信总部提供密码咨询服务，政府通信总部是1946年从 gc~~ & ~~cs 发展而来的英国信号情报机构，尽管他保留了他的学术工作。在1952年被定罪后，他被拒绝进入美国，但他可以自由地访问其他欧洲国家。~~

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【最终版】图灵的定罪导致他的安全许可被取消，并禁止他继续为政府通信总部（GCHQ）提供密码咨询，该机构是1946年从GC&CS演变而来的英国信号情报机构，不过他保留了他的学术工作。他在1952年被定罪后被拒绝进入美国，但可以自由访问其他欧洲国家。

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【最终版】图灵被定罪后，他的安全权限被取消，也被禁止继续担任英国信号情报机构政府通信总部(GCHQ)的密码顾问，但他保留了学术工作。GCHQ是1946年由GC&CS演变而来的。1952年他被定罪后，美国拒绝他入境，但他可以自由访问其他欧洲国家。

===Death死亡===

[[File:Turing_Plaque.jpg|thumb|right|A blue plaque on the house at 43 Adlington Road, [[Wilmslow]] where Turing lived and died<ref name="copperfolly">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703105309/https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBWSRSWIS210139/WIS210139_WIS21003746.PDF|archive-date=3 July 2021|url=https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBWSRSWIS210139/WIS210139_WIS21003746.PDF|website=savills.com|author=Anon|year=2021|title=Turing's House: Copper Folly, 43 Adlington Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire, SK9 2BJ}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Turing_Plaque.jpg]]On 8 June 1954, at his house at 43 Adlington Road, [[Wilmslow]],<ref name="copperfolly" /> Turing's housekeeper found him dead. He had died the previous day at the age of 41. [[Cyanide poisoning]] was established as the cause of death.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing#toc330986 |title=Alan Turing. Biography, Facts, & Education |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011184445/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing#toc330986 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> When his body was discovered, an apple lay half-eaten beside his bed, and although the apple was not tested for cyanide,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=488}}</ref> it was speculated that this was the means by which Turing had consumed a fatal dose. An [[Inquests in England and Wales|inquest]] determined that he had committed suicide. Andrew Hodges and another biographer, [[David Leavitt]], have both speculated that Turing was re-enacting a scene from the [[Walt Disney]] film ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'' (1937), his favourite fairy tale. Both men noted that (in Leavitt's words) he took "an especially keen pleasure in the scene where the Wicked Queen immerses her apple in the poisonous brew".<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|p=140}} and {{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=149, 489}}</ref> Turing's remains were cremated at [[Woking Crematorium]] on 12 June 1954,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=529}}</ref> and his ashes were scattered in the gardens of the crematorium, just as his father's had been.<ref name="hodges2012">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpAl0piM38cC |title=Alan Turing: The Enigma |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |date=2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4481-3781-7 |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117070027/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EpAl0piM38cC |archive-date=17 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

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1954年6月8日，在他位于威姆斯洛 Adlington Road 43号的家中，图灵的管家发现了他的尸体。他前一天去世，享年41岁。氰化物中毒被确定为死因。当他的尸体被发现时，一个吃了一半的苹果躺在他的床边，尽管这个苹果没有被检测出氰化物，但人们推测这是图灵服用致命剂量的方式。审讯确定他是自杀的。安德鲁•霍奇斯和另一位传记作家大卫•利维特都推测，图灵是在重演华特•迪士尼(Walt Disney)电影《白雪公主和七个小矮人(1937)中的一个场景，这是他最喜欢的童话故事。两人都指出，(用莱维特的话说)他“特别喜欢看到邪恶皇后把苹果浸入有毒的水中的场景”。图灵的遗体于1954年6月12日在 Woking Crematorium 火化，他的骨灰撒在火葬场的花园里，就像他父亲那样。

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【最终版】1954年6月8日，在他位于威尔姆斯洛阿德灵顿路43号的房子里，图灵的管家发现他死了。他在前一天去世，享年41岁。氰化物中毒被确定为死亡的原因。当他的尸体被发现时，他的床边躺着一个吃了一半的苹果，尽管这个苹果没有被检测出氰化物，但人们猜测这是图灵食用致命剂量的手段。一个验尸报告确定他是自杀的。安德鲁-霍奇斯和另一位传记作者大卫-利维特都推测，图灵是在重演沃尔特-迪斯尼电影《白雪公主与七个小矮人》（1937年）中的一个场景，这是他最喜欢的童话故事。两人都指出，（用Leavitt的话说）他对 "邪恶的女王将她的苹果浸泡在有毒的酒中的场景感到特别高兴"。图灵的遗体于1954年6月12日在沃金火葬场火化，他的骨灰被撒在火葬场的花园里，就像他父亲那样。

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【最终版】1954年6月8日，在他位于阿德灵顿路43号的家中，威尔姆斯洛，图灵的管家发现他死了。他在前一天去世，享年41岁。氰化物中毒被确定为死亡原因。当他的尸体被发现时，一个吃了一半的苹果躺在他的床边，虽然这个苹果没有被检测出氰化物，但人们猜测，这就是图灵服用致命剂量的方法。调查结果表明他是自杀的。安德鲁·霍奇斯(Andrew Hodges)和另一位传记作家大卫·莱维特(David Leavitt)都猜测，图灵是在重现他最喜欢的童话故事——迪士尼电影《白雪公主和七个小矮人》(Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, 1937)中的一幕。两人都注意到(用莱维特的话来说)，他“在邪恶的王后将苹果浸入有毒啤酒的场景中获得了一种特别强烈的快感”。1954年6月12日，图灵的遗体在沃金火葬场火化，他的骨灰被撒在火葬场的花园里，就像他父亲的骨灰一样。

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Philosopher [[Jack Copeland]] has questioned various aspects of the coroner's historical verdict. He suggested an alternative explanation for the cause of Turing's death: the accidental inhalation of cyanide fumes from an apparatus used to [[electroplating|electroplate]] gold onto spoons. The [[potassium cyanide]] was used to [[Gold#Commercial chemistry|dissolve the gold]]. Turing had such an apparatus set up in his tiny spare room. Copeland noted that the autopsy findings were more consistent with inhalation than with ingestion of the poison. Turing also habitually ate an apple before going to bed, and it was not unusual for the apple to be discarded half-eaten.<ref name="Copeland">{{cite news | first = Roland | last = Pease | title = Alan Turing: Inquest's suicide verdict 'not supportable' | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092 | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 23 June 2012 | access-date = 23 June 2012 | quote = We have ... been recreating the narrative of Turing's life, and we have recreated him as an unhappy young man who committed suicide. But the evidence is not there. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120623101625/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092 | archive-date = 23 June 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> Furthermore, Turing had reportedly borne his legal setbacks and hormone treatment (which had been discontinued a year previously) "with good humour" and had shown no sign of despondency prior to his death. He even set down a list of tasks that he intended to complete upon returning to his office after the holiday weekend.<ref name="Copeland" /> Turing's mother believed that the ingestion was accidental, resulting from her son's careless storage of laboratory chemicals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5685694 |title=TURING, Ethel Sara (1881–1976, mother of Alan Turing). Series of 11 autograph letters to Robin Gandy, Guilford, 28 July 1954 – 11 June 1971 (most before 1959), altogether 29 pages, 8vo (2 letters dated 17 May and 26 May 1955 incomplete, lacking continuation leaves, occasional light soiling) |website=christies.com |access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015923/https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5685694 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Biographer Andrew Hodges theorised that Turing arranged the delivery of the equipment to deliberately allow his mother [[plausible deniability]] with regard to any suicide claims.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=488, 489}}</ref>[[File:Alan Turing OBE.jpg|thumb|Turing's OBE currently held in [[Sherborne School]] archives|链接=Special:FilePath/Alan_Turing_OBE.jpg]]哲学家杰克 · 科普兰对验尸官的历史裁决提出了各种各样的质疑。对于图灵的死因，他提出了另一种解释: 一个用于电镀金子的器具意外吸入了氰化物烟雾到勺子上。氰化钾是用来溶解黄金的。图灵在他狭小的空余房间里安装了这样一台仪器。科普兰指出，尸检结果更符合吸入而不是摄入毒药。图灵还习惯在睡觉前吃一个苹果，吃了一半就丢弃这个苹果并不罕见。此外，据报道，图灵“幽默地”承受了法律上的挫折和激素治疗(一年前已经停止) ，而且在他去世之前没有显示出任何沮丧的迹象。他甚至列出了一个任务清单，打算在假日周末回到办公室后完成这些任务。图灵的母亲认为，由于儿子粗心地储存了实验室化学品，图灵的摄入是意外的。传记作家 Andrew Hodges 提出理论，图灵安排了这些设备的交付，故意让他的母亲对任何自杀的声明有似是而非的否认。

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~~【最终版】哲学家杰克·科普兰(~~Jack Copeland)~~对验尸官的历史裁决提出了多方面的质疑。他对图灵的死因提出了另一种解释~~:他偶然吸入了一种用勺子镀金的装置发出的氰化物烟雾。氰化钾被用来溶解黄金。图灵在他的小房间里安装了这样一个装置。科普兰指出，尸检结果更符合吸入，而不是摄入毒药。图灵还习惯在睡觉前吃一个苹果，苹果吃了一半就扔掉，这是很常见的。此外，据报道，图灵还承受了法律上的挫折和激素治疗(~~一年前就停止了~~)“心情很好”，在他死前没有表现出任何沮丧的迹象。他甚至还列了一张清单，列出了他打算在假期结束后回到办公室时完成的任务。图灵的母亲认为，误食是偶然的，因为她儿子不小心存放了实验室的化学药品。传记作家安德鲁·霍奇斯推测，图灵安排设备的交付，是为了故意让他的母亲对任何自杀的说法进行合理的否认。

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Philosopher [[Jack Copeland]] has questioned various aspects of the coroner's historical verdict. He suggested an alternative explanation for the cause of Turing's death: the accidental inhalation of cyanide fumes from an apparatus used to [[electroplating|electroplate]] gold onto spoons. The [[potassium cyanide]] was used to [[Gold#Commercial chemistry|dissolve the gold]]. Turing had such an apparatus set up in his tiny spare room. Copeland noted that the autopsy findings were more consistent with inhalation than with ingestion of the poison. Turing also habitually ate an apple before going to bed, and it was not unusual for the apple to be discarded half-eaten.<ref name="Copeland">{{cite news | first = Roland | last = Pease | title = Alan Turing: Inquest's suicide verdict 'not supportable' | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092 | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 23 June 2012 | access-date = 23 June 2012 | quote = We have ... been recreating the narrative of Turing's life, and we have recreated him as an unhappy young man who committed suicide. But the evidence is not there. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120623101625/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092 | archive-date = 23 June 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> Furthermore, Turing had reportedly borne his legal setbacks and hormone treatment (which had been discontinued a year previously) "with good humour" and had shown no sign of despondency prior to his death. He even set down a list of tasks that he intended to complete upon returning to his office after the holiday weekend.<ref name="Copeland" /> Turing's mother believed that the ingestion was accidental, resulting from her son's careless storage of laboratory chemicals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5685694 |title=TURING, Ethel Sara (1881–1976, mother of Alan Turing). Series of 11 autograph letters to Robin Gandy, Guilford, 28 July 1954 – 11 June 1971 (most before 1959), altogether 29 pages, 8vo (2 letters dated 17 May and 26 May 1955 incomplete, lacking continuation leaves, occasional light soiling) |website=christies.com |access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015923/https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5685694 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Biographer Andrew Hodges theorised that Turing arranged the delivery of the equipment to deliberately allow his mother [[plausible deniability]] with regard to any suicide claims.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=488, 489}}</ref>[[File:Alan Turing OBE.jpg|thumb|Turing's OBE currently held in [[Sherborne School]] archives|链接=Special:FilePath/Alan_Turing_OBE.jpg]]

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【最终版】哲学家杰克-科普兰对验尸官的历史判决提出了多方面的质疑。他对图灵的死因提出了另一种解释：意外吸入了用于在勺子上电镀黄金的仪器中的氰化物烟雾。氰化钾是用来溶解黄金的。图灵在他狭小的闲置房间里安装了这样一台仪器。科普兰指出，尸检结果与吸入毒物而非摄入毒物的情况更为一致。图灵还习惯性地在睡觉前吃一个苹果，而苹果被吃了一半就丢弃的情况并不罕见。此外，据说图灵 "很幽默地 "承受了他的法律挫折和荷尔蒙治疗（一年前就已经停止了），并且在死前没有表现出任何沮丧的迹象。他甚至列出了一份任务清单，打算在周末假期后回到办公室后完成。图灵的母亲认为，图灵的摄取是意外的，是由于她的儿子不小心储存了实验室的化学品。传记作家安德鲁-霍奇斯推测，图灵安排了设备的运送，故意让他的母亲对任何自杀的说法进行合理的推诿。

It has been suggested that Turing's belief in [[fortune-telling]] may have caused his depressed mood.<ref name="hodges2012" /> As a youth, Turing had been told by a fortune-teller that he would be a genius. In mid-May 1954, shortly before his death, Turing again decided to consult a fortune-teller during a day-trip to [[Lytham St Annes|St Annes-on-Sea]] with the Greenbaum family.<ref name="hodges2012" /> According to the Greenbaums' daughter, Barbara:<ref name="dowd">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27701207 |title=What was Alan Turing really like? |author=Vincent Dowd |publisher=BBC |date=6 June 2014 |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117020715/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27701207 |archive-date=17 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>But it was a lovely sunny day and Alan was in a cheerful mood and off we went... Then he thought it would be a good idea to go to the [[Blackpool Pleasure Beach|Pleasure Beach at Blackpool]]. We found a fortune-teller's tent[,] and Alan said he'd like to go in[,] so we waited around for him to come back... And this sunny, cheerful visage had shrunk into a pale, shaking, horror-stricken face. Something had happened. We don't know what the fortune-teller said[,] but he obviously was deeply unhappy. I think that was probably the last time we saw him before we heard of his suicide.

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有人认为，可能是图灵对算命的信仰导致了他的沮丧情绪。年轻时，图灵曾被算命师告知他将成为一个天才。1954年5月中旬，在他去世前不久，图灵在与格林鲍姆一家一起去海上圣安内斯的一日游中再次决定咨询算命师。根据格林鲍姆夫妇的女儿芭芭拉的说法: 但那是一个阳光明媚的日子，艾伦心情愉快，我们就去了... ... ~~然后他觉得去黑潭的快乐海滩是个好主意。我们找到了一个算命师的帐篷，艾伦说他想进去，所以我们就在附近等他回来~~... ... 这张阳光明媚的面孔已经缩成了一张苍白、颤抖、惊恐的脸。发生了一些事情。我们不知道算命先生是怎么说的，但是他显然非常不开心。我想那可能是我们听说他自杀之前最后一次见到他。

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【最终版】有人认为，图灵对算命的信仰可能造成了他抑郁的情绪。年轻时，图灵曾被一个算命先生告知他将成为一个天才。1954年5月中旬，在他去世前不久，图灵在和格林鲍姆一家去海边的圣安尼斯的一日游中再次决定咨询算命先生。据格林鲍姆的女儿芭芭拉说："但那是一个可爱的晴天，艾伦的心情很愉快，我们就去了......。然后他认为去黑池的欢乐海滩是个好主意。我们找到了一个算命的帐篷，艾伦说他想进去，于是我们在周围等着他回来...... 这张阳光灿烂的脸已经缩成了一张苍白、颤抖、惊恐的脸。发生了一些事情。我们不知道算命先生说了什么，但他显然非常不高兴。我想那可能是我们听说他自杀之前最后一次见到他。

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【最终版】有人认为，图灵对算命的信仰可能是他情绪低落的原因。图灵年轻时，一个算命先生说他会是个天才。1954年5月中旬，就在图灵去世前不久，他和格林鲍姆一家去海边的圣安妮一日游时，又决定请教算命先生。据格林鲍姆的女儿芭芭拉说:但那天阳光明媚，艾伦心情也很好，我们就出发了……然后他觉得去布莱克浦的快乐海滩是个好主意。我们找到了一个算命人的帐篷，艾伦说他想进去，所以我们在附近等他回来……这张阳光、开朗的脸已萎缩成一张苍白、颤抖、惊恐的脸。发生了什么事。我们不知道算命先生说了什么，但他显然非常不高兴。我想那可能是我们最后一次见他在我们听说他自杀之前。

===Government apology and pardon政府道歉和赦免===

In August 2009, British programmer John Graham-Cumming started a petition urging the British government to apologise for Turing's prosecution as a homosexual. The petition received more than 30,000 signatures.The petition was only open to UK citizens. The Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, acknowledged the petition, releasing a statement on 10 September 2009 apologising and describing the treatment of Turing as "appalling":Thousands of people have come together to demand justice for Alan Turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. While Turing was dealt with under the law of the time and we can't put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair and I am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we all are for what happened to him&nbsp;... So on behalf of the British government, and all those who live freely thanks to Alan's work I am very proud to say: we're sorry, you deserved so much better.

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~~2009年8月，英国程序员 John Graham~~-Cumming · 图灵发起请愿，敦促英国政府为图灵作为同性恋被起诉一事道歉。请愿书收到了超过30000个签名。请愿书只对英国公民开放。英国首相戈登 · 布朗承认了这份请愿书，并于2009年9月10日发表了一份声明，对图灵受到的待遇表示道歉，并称其“骇人听闻”:成千上万的人聚集在一起，要求为艾伦·图灵伸张正义，并承认他受到的可怕待遇。虽然图灵是根据当时的法律处理的，我们不能让时间倒流，但他的待遇当然是完全不公平的，我很高兴有机会对发生在他身上的事情表示深深的歉意，我们大家都很抱歉；因此，我代表英国政府，以及所有因艾伦的工作而自由生活的人们，非常自豪地说：我们很抱歉，你应该得到更好的待遇。

+

【最终版】2009年8月，英国程序员约翰-格雷厄姆-康明发起了一项请愿活动，敦促英国政府为图灵被作为同性恋者起诉而道歉。该请愿书收到了30,000多个签名。该请愿书只对英国公民开放。首相戈登-布朗承认了这一请愿，于2009年9月10日发表了一份声明，对图灵的遭遇表示道歉，并将其描述为 "令人震惊"：成千上万的人聚集在一起，要求为艾伦-图灵讨回公道，并承认他受到的令人震惊的待遇。虽然图灵是根据当时的法律处理的，我们不能让时间倒流，但他的待遇当然是完全不公平的，我很高兴有机会说我和我们都对发生在他身上的事情感到非常抱歉。因此，我代表英国政府，以及所有那些由于艾伦的工作而自由生活的人，非常自豪地说：我们很抱歉，你应该得到更好的。

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【最终版】2009年8月，英国程序员约翰·格雷厄姆·卡明(John Graham-Cumming)发起了一项请愿，敦促英国政府为图灵被控同性恋一事道歉。请愿书收到了3万多个签名。请愿书只对英国公民开放。英国首相戈登·布朗(Gordon Brown)在2009年9月10日承认了这一请愿，并发表声明道歉，称图灵受到的对待“令人震惊”:成千上万的人聚集在一起，要求为图灵伸张正义，并承认他受到的对待令人震惊。虽然图灵是在当时的法律下被处理的，我们不能让时光倒流，但他的遭遇当然是完全不公平的，我很高兴有机会对他的遭遇表示我和我们所有人的深切歉意……因此，我代表英国政府，代表所有那些因艾伦的工作而自由生活的人们，非常自豪地说:我们很抱歉，你应该得到更好的待遇。

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In December 2011, William Jones and his Member of Parliament, [[John Leech (politician)|John Leech]], created an [[e-petition]]<ref name="PardonPetition">{{cite web | title = Grant a pardon to Alan Turing | url = https://submissions.epetitions.direct.gov.uk/petitions/23526 | date = 6 December 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120110183548/http://submissions.epetitions.direct.gov.uk/petitions/23526 | archive-date = 10 January 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> requesting that the British government [[pardon]] Turing for his conviction of "gross indecency":<ref name="BBBCPardon">{{cite news | title = Petition to pardon computer pioneer Alan Turing started | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16061279 | date = 6 December 2011 | work = BBC News | access-date = 21 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180619135127/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16061279 | archive-date = 19 June 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref>{{blockquote|We ask the HM Government to grant a pardon to Alan Turing for the conviction of "gross indecency". In 1952, he was convicted of "gross indecency" with another man and was forced to undergo so-called "organo-therapy"—chemical castration. Two years later, he killed himself with cyanide, aged just 41. Alan Turing was driven to a terrible despair and early death by the nation he'd done so much to save. This remains a shame on the British government and British history. A pardon can go some way to healing this damage. It may act as an apology to many of the other gay men, not as well-known as Alan Turing, who were subjected to these laws.<ref name="PardonPetition" />}}2011年12月，威廉 · 琼斯和他的议员约翰 · 利奇发起了一项电子请愿活动，要求英国政府赦免图灵的“严重猥亵”罪:

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我们要求英国政府赦免艾伦·图灵的“严重猥亵罪”。1952年，他被判与另一名男子“严重猥亵”，并被迫接受所谓的“器官疗法”——化学阉割。两年后，他用氰化物自杀，年仅41岁。阿兰·图灵被他为拯救这个国家付出了巨大努力的国家推向了可怕的绝望和早逝。这仍然是英国政府和英国历史的耻辱。赦免可以在某种程度上治愈这种伤害。这可能是对许多其他同性恋者的道歉，不像艾伦·图灵那样知名，因为他们受到了这些法律的约束。

+

In December 2011, William Jones and his Member of Parliament, [[John Leech (politician)|John Leech]], created an [[e-petition]]<ref name="PardonPetition">{{cite web | title = Grant a pardon to Alan Turing | url = https://submissions.epetitions.direct.gov.uk/petitions/23526 | date = 6 December 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120110183548/http://submissions.epetitions.direct.gov.uk/petitions/23526 | archive-date = 10 January 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> requesting that the British government [[pardon]] Turing for his conviction of "gross indecency":<ref name="BBBCPardon">{{cite news | title = Petition to pardon computer pioneer Alan Turing started | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16061279 | date = 6 December 2011 | work = BBC News | access-date = 21 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180619135127/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16061279 | archive-date = 19 June 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref>{{blockquote|We ask the HM Government to grant a pardon to Alan Turing for the conviction of "gross indecency". In 1952, he was convicted of "gross indecency" with another man and was forced to undergo so-called "organo-therapy"—chemical castration. Two years later, he killed himself with cyanide, aged just 41. Alan Turing was driven to a terrible despair and early death by the nation he'd done so much to save. This remains a shame on the British government and British history. A pardon can go some way to healing this damage. It may act as an apology to many of the other gay men, not as well-known as Alan Turing, who were subjected to these laws.<ref name="PardonPetition" />}}

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~~【最终版】2011年12月，威廉·琼斯(William Jones)和他的国会议员约翰·里奇(John Leech)发起了一项电子请愿，请求英国政府赦免图灵的“严重猥亵罪”：~~

−

我们请求英国政府赦免艾伦·图灵的“严重猥亵罪”。1952年，他被判与另一名男子“严重猥亵”，被迫接受所谓的“器官治疗”——化学阉割。两年后，他用氰化物自杀，年仅41岁。艾伦·图灵被他所拯救的这个国家推向了绝望和早逝的边缘。这是英国政府和英国历史上的耻辱。赦免可以在一定程度上治愈这种伤害。它可以作为对其他许多男同性恋者的道歉，不像艾伦·图灵那么出名，他们也受到了这些法律的约束。

+

【最终版】2011年12月，威廉-琼斯和他的国会议员约翰-利奇创建了一个电子请愿书，要求英国政府赦免图灵的 "严重猥亵 "罪。

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~~The petition gathered over 37,000 signatures,<ref name=~~"~~PardonPetition~~" ~~/><ref name=~~"~~turingindependent24dec2013~~">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alan-turing-gets-his-royal-pardon-for-gross-indecency--61-years-after-he-poisoned-himself-9023116.html |title=Alan Turing gets his royal pardon for 'gross indecency' – 61 years after he poisoned himself |work=The Independent |date=23 December 2013 |author=Wright, Oliver |location=London |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224035745/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alan-turing-gets-his-royal-pardon-for-gross-indecency--61-years-after-he-poisoned-himself-9023116.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was submitted to Parliament by the Manchester MP [[John Leech (politician)|John Leech]] but the request was discouraged by Justice Minister [[Tom McNally, Baron McNally#Political career|Lord McNally]], who said:<ref name="~~PardonPetitionDiscouraged~~">{{cite web |title=Government rejects a pardon for computer genius Alan Turing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2012/feb/07/alan-turing-pardon-lord-mcnally-lord-sharkey-computers |date=7 February 2012 |last=Wainwright |first=Martin |work=The Guardian |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204091026/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2012/feb/07/alan-turing-pardon-lord-mcnally-lord-sharkey-computers |archive-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{blockquote|A posthumous pardon was not considered appropriate as Alan Turing was properly convicted of what at the time was a criminal offence. He would have known that his offence was against the law and that he would be prosecuted. It is tragic that Alan Turing was convicted of an offence that now seems both cruel and absurd—particularly poignant given his outstanding contribution to the war effort. However, the law at the time required a prosecution and, as such, long-standing policy has been to accept that such convictions took place and, rather than trying to alter the historical context and to put right what cannot be put right, ensure instead that we never again return to those times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201212/ldhansrd/text/120202w0001.htm |title=hansard |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |date=2 February 2012 |access-~~date=29 August 2017 |archive~~-~~url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706132556/https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201212/ldhansrd/text/120202w0001.htm |archive~~-~~date=6 July 2017 |url~~-~~status=live }}</ref>}}这份请愿书收集了超过37000个签名，由曼彻斯特议员约翰 · 利奇提交给议会，但是司法部长麦克纳利勋爵不同意这一请求，他说:~~

+

我们要求英国政府赦免艾伦-图灵的 "严重猥亵罪"。1952年，他因与另一名男子 "严重猥亵 "而被定罪，并被迫接受所谓的 "器官疗法"--化学阉割。两年后，他用氰化物自杀，年仅41岁。艾伦-图灵被他所做的大量工作所拯救的国家逼迫到了可怕的绝望和早逝。这仍然是英国政府和英国历史上的一个耻辱。赦免可以在一定程度上弥合这种伤害。它可以作为对许多其他同性恋者的道歉，这些人并不像艾伦-图灵那样出名，他们受到了这些法律的制裁。

−

死后赦免被认为是不合适的，因为艾伦·图灵被正确地判定犯有当时的刑事罪。他会知道他的罪行是违法的，他会被起诉。不幸的是，艾伦·图灵被判犯有一项罪行，鉴于他对战争的杰出贡献，这项罪行现在看来既残忍又荒谬，尤其令人痛心。然而，当时的法律要求起诉，因此，长期以来的政策是接受这种定罪的发生，而不是试图改变历史背景，纠正不能纠正的事情，而是确保我们永远不会回到那个时代。

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~~【最终版】这份请愿书收集了37000多个签名，由曼彻斯特议员约翰·里奇提交给议会，但司法部长麦克纳利勋爵拒绝了这一请求，他说:~~

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死后赦免是不合适的，因为艾伦·图灵的罪行在当时被认为是刑事犯罪。他应该知道他的罪行是违法的，他将受到起诉。可悲的是，阿兰·图灵被判有罪，这在现在看来既残忍又荒谬——尤其是考虑到他对战争的杰出贡献。然而，当时的法律要求进行起诉，因此，长期以来的政策一直是接受这样的定罪，而不是试图改变历史背景，纠正无法纠正的事情。

+

The petition gathered over 37,000 signatures,<ref name="PardonPetition" /><ref name="turingindependent24dec2013">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alan-turing-gets-his-royal-pardon-for-gross-indecency--61-years-after-he-poisoned-himself-9023116.html |title=Alan Turing gets his royal pardon for 'gross indecency' – 61 years after he poisoned himself |work=The Independent |date=23 December 2013 |author=Wright, Oliver |location=London |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224035745/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alan-turing-gets-his-royal-pardon-for-gross-indecency--61-years-after-he-poisoned-himself-9023116.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was submitted to Parliament by the Manchester MP [[John Leech (politician)|John Leech]] but the request was discouraged by Justice Minister [[Tom McNally, Baron McNally#Political career|Lord McNally]], who said:<ref name="PardonPetitionDiscouraged">{{cite web |title=Government rejects a pardon for computer genius Alan Turing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2012/feb/07/alan-turing-pardon-lord-mcnally-lord-sharkey-computers |date=7 February 2012 |last=Wainwright |first=Martin |work=The Guardian |access-date=10 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204091026/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2012/feb/07/alan-turing-pardon-lord-mcnally-lord-sharkey-computers |archive-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{blockquote|A posthumous pardon was not considered appropriate as Alan Turing was properly convicted of what at the time was a criminal offence. He would have known that his offence was against the law and that he would be prosecuted. It is tragic that Alan Turing was convicted of an offence that now seems both cruel and absurd—particularly poignant given his outstanding contribution to the war effort. However, the law at the time required a prosecution and, as such, long-standing policy has been to accept that such convictions took place and, rather than trying to alter the historical context and to put right what cannot be put right, ensure instead that we never again return to those times.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201212/ldhansrd/text/120202w0001.htm |title=hansard |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706132556/https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201212/ldhansrd/text/120202w0001.htm |archive-date=6 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

+

【最终版】该请愿书收集了37,000多个签名，并由曼彻斯特议员约翰-利奇提交给议会，但该请求被司法部长麦克纳利勋爵劝阻，他说：

+

死后赦免被认为是不合适的，因为艾伦-图灵被正确地判定为当时的刑事犯罪。他应该知道他的罪行是违反法律的，他将被起诉。艾伦-图灵因一项现在看来既残酷又荒谬的罪行而被定罪，这是很可悲的，鉴于他对战争的杰出贡献，这一点尤其令人感慨。然而，当时的法律要求进行起诉，因此，长期以来的政策是接受这种定罪的发生，而不是试图改变历史背景和纠正不能纠正的事情，而是确保我们永远不会再回到那个时代。

[[John Leech (politician)|John Leech]], the MP for [[Manchester Withington (UK Parliament constituency)|Manchester Withington]] (2005–15), submitted several bills to Parliament<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/12/24/better-late-than-never-alan-turing-is-finally-pardoned|title=Better late than never, Alan Turing is finally pardoned|first=Alex|last=Stevenson|date=24 December 2013|publisher=politics.co.uk|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816015157/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/12/24/better-late-than-never-alan-turing-is-finally-pardoned|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and led a high-profile campaign to secure the pardon. Leech made the case in the House of Commons that Turing's contribution to the war made him a national hero and that it was "ultimately just embarrassing" that the conviction still stood.<ref name="Fitzgerald">{{cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/alan-turings-court-convictions-go-11931942|title=Alan Turing's court convictions go on display for the first time|first=Todd|last=Fitzgerald|date=24 September 2016|publisher=manchestereveningnews.co.uk|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925151625/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/alan-turings-court-convictions-go-11931942|archive-date=25 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Leech continued to take the bill through Parliament and campaigned for several years, gaining the public support of numerous leading scientists, including [[Stephen Hawking]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchester-codebreaker-alan-turing-pardoned-6442836|title=Alan Turing pardoned by The Queen for his 'unjust and discriminatory' conviction for homosexuality|last=Britton|first=Paul|work=Manchester Evening News|date=24 December 2013|access-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624204418/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchester-codebreaker-alan-turing-pardoned-6442836|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16833621|title=MP calls for pardon for computer pioneer Alan Turing|date=1 February 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702135251/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16833621|archive-date=2 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> At the British premiere of a film based on Turing's life, ''[[The Imitation Game]]'', the producers thanked Leech for bringing the topic to public attention and securing Turing's pardon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.libdemvoice.org/my-proudest-day-as-a-liberal-democrat-43430.html|title=My proudest day as a Liberal Democrat|work=Liberal Democrat Voice|access-date=24 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624204354/https://www.libdemvoice.org/my-proudest-day-as-a-liberal-democrat-43430.html|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Leech is now regularly described as the "architect" of Turing's pardon and subsequently the Alan Turing Law which went on to secure pardons for 75,000 other men and women convicted of similar crimes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchester-computer-pioneer-alan-turing-16585966 |title=Manchester computer pioneer Alan Turing announced as face of new £50 note |date=15 July 2019 |access-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719082039/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchester-computer-pioneer-alan-turing-16585966 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://outnewsglobal.com/john-leech-secures-historic-deal-with-government-on-alan-turing-law/|title=John Leech secures historic deal with Government on 'Alan Turing Law'|date=20 October 2016|website=outnewsglobal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jul/15/alan-turing-to-feature-on-new-50-note|title=Alan Turing to feature on new £50 banknote|editor-first1=Larry|editor-last1=Elliott|editor-first2=Josh|editor-last2=Halliday|date=15 July 2019|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/tory-minister-refuses-apologise-killing-9108424|title=Tory refuses to apologise for 'killing bad law' pardoning thousands of gay men|first=Dan|last=Bloom|date=23 October 2016|website=mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dunfermlinepress.com/news/national-news/17771381.alan-turings-fearless-approach-problems-intellectual-curiosity-praised/|title=Alan Turing's 'fearless approach to problems and intellectual curiosity' praised|website=Dunfermline Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thetab.com/uk/manchester/2017/01/31/alan-turing-law-finally-pardons-thousands-unfairly-convicted-25615|title=The Alan Turing Law finally pardons thousands of unfairly convicted gay and bisexual men|date=31 January 2017|website=University of Manchester}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qnews.com.au/bank-of-england-honours-alan-turing-on-50-note/|title=Bank of England honours Alan Turing on £50 note|date=15 July 2019|website=QNews}}</ref>

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~~曼彻斯特威辛顿(英国国会选区)议员 John Leech (2005~~-15)向议会提交了几项法案，并领导了一场引人注目的运动以确保赦免。利奇在《英国下议院表示，图灵对战争的贡献使他成为了一个民族英雄，而且他的信念仍然存在，这“最终只是令人尴尬”。利奇继续在议会通过该法案，并进行了数年的竞选活动，赢得了包括斯蒂芬 · 霍金在内的众多顶尖科学家的公众支持。在一部根据图灵生平改编的电影---- 《模仿游戏的英国首映式上，制片人感谢 Leech 将这个话题引入公众视野，并确保了图灵的赦免。利奇现在经常被描述为图灵赦免和随后的阿兰图灵法案的“设计师”，该法案确保了对其他75000名被判定犯有类似罪行的男女的赦免。

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【最终版】曼彻斯特威辛顿的议员约翰-李奇（2005-15）向议会提交了几项法案，并领导了一场高调的运动以确保赦免。李奇在下议院提出的理由是，图灵对战争的贡献使他成为民族英雄，而定罪仍然有效 "最终只是令人尴尬"。李奇继续在议会中提出该法案，并进行了数年的宣传，获得了包括霍金在内的众多知名科学家的公开支持。在根据图灵生平改编的电影《模仿游戏》的英国首映式上，制片人感谢利奇让公众关注这个话题并确保图灵的赦免。现在，利奇经常被描述为图灵赦免的 "设计师"，随后，《艾伦-图灵法》又为其他75000名被判犯有类似罪行的男子和妇女争取到了赦免。

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【最终版】曼彻斯特威辛顿区议员约翰·里奇(2005-15)向议会提交了几份法案，并领导了一场高调的运动来确保特赦。里奇在下议院表示，图灵对战争的贡献使他成为了一个民族英雄，而这一判决仍然成立，“最终让人感到尴尬”。里奇继续推动该法案在议会获得通过，并进行了数年的宣传活动，获得了包括斯蒂芬·霍金在内的众多顶尖科学家的公众支持。在根据图灵生平改编的电影《模仿游戏》的英国首映式上，制片人感谢里奇让这个话题引起了公众的注意，并为图灵赢得了赦免。里奇现在经常被描述为图灵赦免案的“建筑师”，后来又被称为艾伦·图灵法则，该法则使其他7.5万名被判犯有类似罪行的男女获得了赦免。

On 26 July 2012, a bill was introduced in the [[British House of Lords|House of Lords]] to grant a statutory pardon to Turing for offences under section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, of which he was convicted on 31 March 1952.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2012-13/alanturingstatutorypardon.html |title=Bill |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |date=26 July 2012 |access-date=31 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102040318/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2012-13/alanturingstatutorypardon.html |archive-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Late in the year in a letter to ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', the physicist Stephen Hawking and 10 other signatories including the [[Astronomer Royal]] [[Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow|Lord Rees]], [[List of presidents of the Royal Society|President of the Royal Society]] Sir [[Paul Nurse]], [[Jean Barker, Baroness Trumpington|Lady Trumpington]] (who worked for Turing during the war) and [[John Sharkey, Baron Sharkey|Lord Sharkey]] (the bill's sponsor) called on Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] to act on the pardon request.<ref>Pearse, Damian, [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/14/alan-turing-pardon-stephen-hawking "Alan Turing should be pardoned, argue Stephen Hawking and top scientists"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204090812/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/14/alan-turing-pardon-stephen-hawking |date=4 February 2017 }}, ''The Guardian'', 13 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</ref> Pearse, Damian, "Alan Turing should be pardoned, argue Stephen Hawking and top scientists" , The Guardian, 13 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012. The government indicated it would support the bill,<ref name="turingguardian19july2013">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/jul/19/enigma-codebreaker-alan-turing-posthumous-pardon|title=Enigma codebreaker Alan Turing to be given posthumous pardon|work=The Guardian|date=19 July 2013|author=Watt, Nicholas|location=London|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104124001/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/jul/19/enigma-codebreaker-alan-turing-posthumous-pardon|archive-date=4 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/2302744/alan-turing-pardon-moves-a-step-closer|title=Alan Turing pardon sails through House of Lords|last=Worth|first=Dan|date=30 October 2013|publisher=V3|access-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114746/http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/2302744/alan-turing-pardon-moves-a-step-closer|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Alan Turing (Statutory Pardon) Bill | url =http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2013-14/alanturingstatutorypardon.html | access-date =20 July 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130705084023/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2013-14/alanturingstatutorypardon.html | archive-date =5 July 2013 | url-status =live }}</ref> and it passed its third reading in the House of Lords in October.<ref name="turingpinknewsdec2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/12/02/lib-dem-mp-john-leech-disappointed-at-delay-to-alan-turing-pardon-bill|title=Lib Dem MP John Leech disappointed at delay to Alan Turing pardon bill|newspaper=Pink News|date=2 December 2013|author=Roberts, Scott|access-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225050250/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/12/02/lib-dem-mp-john-leech-disappointed-at-delay-to-alan-turing-pardon-bill|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

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2012年7月26日，上议院提交了一项法案，根据《1885年刑事修正法令11条对图灵的罪行给予法定赦免，图灵于1952年3月31日被判有罪。今年年底，物理学家斯蒂芬 · 霍金和其他10位签名者，包括每日电讯报皇家天文学家勋爵 Rees，皇家学会主席 Paul Nurse 爵士，战时为图灵工作的 Trumpington 女士，以及法案的发起人 Sharkey 勋爵，在一封信中呼吁首相 David Cameron 对赦免请求采取行动。皮尔斯，达米安，“斯蒂芬 · 霍金和顶尖科学家认为，阿兰 · 图灵应该被赦免”，《卫报》，2012年12月13日。2012年12月15日。政府表示将支持该法案，并于10月在上议院通过了三读。

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【最终版】2012年7月26日，上议院提出一项法案，对图灵在1885年《刑法修正案》第11条下的罪行给予法定赦免，他在1952年3月31日被定罪。当年年底，物理学家斯蒂芬-霍金和其他10位签名者，包括皇家天文学家里斯勋爵、皇家学会主席保罗-诺斯爵士、特朗平顿夫人（在战争期间为图灵工作）和沙基勋爵（该法案的发起人）在给《每日电讯报》的一封信中呼吁首相大卫-卡梅伦对赦免请求采取行动。皮尔斯，达米安，“斯蒂芬·霍金和顶尖科学家认为阿兰·图灵应该被赦免”，《卫报》，2012年12月13日。2012年12月15日检索。政府表示将支持该法案，该法案于10月在上议院通过了三读。

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【最终版】2012年7月26日，上议院通过一项法案，根据《1885年刑法修正案》第11条对图灵进行法定赦免，他于1952年3月31日被定罪。今年晚些时候，物理学家史蒂芬·霍金和包括皇家天文学家里斯勋爵、皇家学会主席保罗·纳斯爵士在内的其他10名署名者给《每日电讯报》写了一封信，特鲁平顿夫人(二战期间为图灵工作)和夏基勋爵(法案的发起人)呼吁首相戴维·卡梅伦(David Cameron)响应赦免请求。皮尔斯，达米安，“斯蒂芬·霍金和顶尖科学家认为阿兰·图灵应该被赦免”，《卫报》，2012年12月13日。2012年12月15日检索。政府表示将支持该法案，并于10月在上议院通过了三次审阅。

At the bill's second reading in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on 29 November 2013, Conservative MP [[Christopher Chope]] objected to the bill, delaying its passage. The bill was due to return to the House of Commons on 28 February 2014,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/12/02/lib-dem-mp-john-leech-disappointed-at-delay-to-alan-turing-pardon-bill/|title=Lib Dem MP John Leech disappointed at delay to Alan Turing pardon bill|last=Roberts|first=Scott|date=2 December 2013|work=PinkNews|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210914/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/12/02/lib-dem-mp-john-leech-disappointed-at-delay-to-alan-turing-pardon-bill/|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> but before the bill could be debated in the House of Commons,<ref>{{cite web | title =Alan Turing (Statutory Pardon) Bill | url =http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2013-14/alanturingstatutorypardon.html | access-date =24 December 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131102040315/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2013-14/alanturingstatutorypardon.html | archive-date =2 November 2013 | url-status =live }}</ref> the government elected to proceed under the [[royal prerogative of mercy]]. On 24 December 2013, [[Queen Elizabeth II]] signed a pardon for Turing's conviction for "gross indecency", with immediate effect.<ref name="turingpardon24dec2013">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/10536246/Alan-Turing-granted-Royal-pardon-by-the-Queen.html |title=Alan Turing granted Royal pardon by the Queen |last=Swinford |first=Steven |date=23 December 2013 |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502103553/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/10536246/Alan-Turing-granted-Royal-pardon-by-the-Queen.html |archive-date=2 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Announcing the pardon, Lord Chancellor [[Chris Grayling]] said Turing deserved to be "remembered and recognised for his fantastic contribution to the war effort" and not for his later criminal conviction.<ref name="turingindependent24dec2013" /><ref name="BBC-pardon24Dec">{{cite news|title=Royal pardon for codebreaker Alan Turing|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-25495315|access-date=24 December 2013|work=BBC News|date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224002121/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-25495315|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The Queen officially pronounced Turing pardoned in August 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/08/22/queens-decree-alan-turing-now-officially-pardoned|title=With Queen's Decree, Alan Turing Is Now Officially Pardoned|date=22 August 2014|publisher=Advocate.com|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101212528/http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/08/22/queens-decree-alan-turing-now-officially-pardoned|archive-date=1 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Queen's action is only the fourth royal pardon granted since the conclusion of the Second World War.<ref>Pardoned: Alan Turing, Computing patriarch. ''Time'' Magazine, vol. 183, no. 1, 13 January 2014, p. 14. Retrieved 6 January 2014.</ref> Pardoned: Alan Turing, Computing patriarch. Time Magazine, vol. 183, no. 1, 13 January 2014, p. 14. Retrieved 6 January 2014. Pardons are normally granted only when the person is technically innocent, and a request has been made by the family or other interested party; neither condition was met in regard to Turing's conviction.<ref name="grauniad">{{Cite news | last =Davies | first =Caroline | title = Codebreaker Turing is given posthumous royal pardon | newspaper =The Guardian | location =London | pages =1, 6 | date =24 December 2013 }}</ref>

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2013年11月29日，该法案在英国下议院进行二读，保守党议员克里斯多福·乔普反对该法案，延迟了其通过。该法案原定于2014年2月28日返回英国下议院，但在该法案可能在英国下议院辩论之前，政府选择在皇家特权宽恕下继续进行。2013年12月24日，伊丽莎白二世签署了一项赦免令，赦免图灵的“严重猥亵罪”，并立即生效。大法官克里斯 · 格雷林在宣布赦免时说，图灵应该“因为他对战争的杰出贡献而被人们铭记和认可”，而不是因为他后来的刑事定罪。2014年8月，女王正式宣布图灵获得赦免。女王的行动是第二次世界大战结束以来第四次皇家赦免。原谅: 阿兰 · 图灵，计算机领袖。时代杂志，第一卷。183号，不。1, 13 January 2014, p. 14.2014年1月6日。特赦通常只有在当事人在技术上是无辜的，而且家人或其他利益相关方已经提出请求的情况下才会被批准; 对于图灵的定罪，这两个条件都没有满足。

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【最终版】在2013年11月29日该法案在下议院的二读中，保守党议员克里斯托弗-乔普反对该法案，推迟了法案的通过。该法案原定于2014年2月28日回到下议院，但在下议院对该法案进行辩论之前，政府选择根据皇家赦免权进行。2013年12月24日，英国女王伊丽莎白二世签署了对图灵的 "严重猥亵罪 "的赦免令，并立即生效。大法官克里斯-格雷林在宣布赦免时说，图灵应该被 "记住并承认他对战争努力的神奇贡献"，而不是因为他后来的刑事定罪。女王在2014年8月正式宣布图灵被赦免。女王的行动是自第二次世界大战结束以来的第四次皇家赦免。被赦免者：艾伦-图灵，计算机界的元老。《时代杂志》，第183卷，第1期，2014年1月13日，第14页。检索到2014年1月6日。赦免通常只在当事人在技术上是无罪的，并且由家属或其他相关方提出请求的情况下才会被批准；就图灵的定罪而言，这两个条件都没有满足。

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【最终版】2013年11月29日，该法案在下议院进行了二读，保守党议员克里斯托弗·肖普(Christopher Chope)反对该法案，推迟了该法案的通过。该法案原定于2014年2月28日提交下议院，但在该法案在下议院进行辩论之前，政府被选为在皇家赦免权下继续进行。2013年12月24日，英国女王伊丽莎白二世签署了一项赦免令，立即生效，赦免图灵“严重猥亵罪”。宣布赦免时，大法官克里斯·格雷林说，图灵值得“记住和认可他对战争的杰出贡献”，而不是他后来的刑事定罪。2014年8月，女王正式宣布赦免图灵。女王的这一举动是自二战结束以来第四次王室赦免。被赦免者:艾伦·图灵，计算机界的元老。《时代》杂志，第183期。2014年1月13日，第14页。2014年1月6日检索。通常情况下，只有当当事人在技术上是无辜的，并且当事人的家人或其他利害关系方提出请求时，才会给予赦免;这两个条件都不符合。

In September 2016, the government announced its intention to expand this retroactive exoneration to other men convicted of similar historical indecency offences, in what was described as an "[[Alan Turing law]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37436417|title=Government 'committed' to Alan Turing gay pardon law|date=22 September 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922041224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37436417|archive-date=22 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-committed-to-introducing-alan-turing-law-and-pardon-gay-men-convicted-of-outdated-crimes-a7320851.html|title=Theresa May committed to introducing the 'Alan Turing Law'|last=Cowburn|first=Ashley|date=21 September 2016|website=The Independent|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922133219/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-committed-to-introducing-alan-turing-law-and-pardon-gay-men-convicted-of-outdated-crimes-a7320851.html|archive-date=22 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Alan Turing law]] is now an informal term for the law in the United Kingdom, contained in the [[Policing and Crime Act 2017]], which serves as an [[amnesty law]] to retroactively pardon men who were cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts. The law applies in England and Wales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/3/section/182/data.htm|title=Policing and Crime Act 2017|first=Expert|last=Participation|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|access-date=6 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305145933/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2017/3/section/182/data.htm|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

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2016年9月，政府宣布打算将这种追溯性免罪扩大到其他被判犯有类似历史猥亵罪的男子，这项法律被称为“阿兰 · 图灵法”。阿兰 · 图灵法现在是英国法律的一个非正式术语，载于《2017年警务和犯罪法》，该法是一项大赦法，旨在追溯赦免那些根据历史立法被警告或定罪的男子，这些立法禁止同性恋行为。这项法律适用于英格兰和威尔士。

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【最终版】2016年9月，政府宣布打算将这种追溯性赦免扩大到其他被判犯有类似历史猥亵罪的男子，被称为 "艾伦-图灵法"。艾伦-图灵法现在是英国法律的一个非正式术语，载于《2017年治安和犯罪法》，作为一项大赦法，追溯性地赦免那些根据历史上禁止同性恋行为的立法而被警告或定罪的男子。该法律适用于英格兰和威尔士。

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【最终版】2016年9月，政府宣布打算将这一追溯性豁免扩大到其他被判犯有类似历史猥亵罪的男性，这被称为“艾伦·图灵法”。艾伦·图灵法现在是英国对该法律的非正式说法，包含在2017年的《警察和犯罪法案》(police and Crime Act)中。《警察和犯罪法案》是一项大赦法，可以追溯性地赦免那些在禁止同性恋行为的历史立法中受到警告或被定罪的男性。这条法律适用于英格兰和威尔士。

==Legacy遗产==

第439行：第400行：

[[File:Alan Turing Building 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Alan Turing Building]] at the University of Manchester in 2008|链接=Special:FilePath/Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg]]Turing was appointed an officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] in 1946.<ref name="thegazette.co.uk" /> He was also elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1951|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)]] in 1951.<ref name="frs" />

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~~图灵于一九四六年被任命为大英帝国勋章的军官。1951年，他还被选为英国皇家学会会员。~~

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【最终版】图灵在1946年被任命为大英帝国勋章的官员。1951年，他还被选为英国皇家学会会员（FRS）。

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~~【最终版】1946年，图灵被任命为大英帝国勋章的军官。1951年，他还被选为英国皇家学会(FRS)会员。~~

Turing has been honoured in various ways in [[Manchester]], the city where he worked towards the end of his life. In 1994, a stretch of the [[A6010 road]] (the [[Manchester]] city intermediate ring road) was named "Alan Turing Way". A bridge carrying this road was widened, and carries the name Alan Turing Bridge. A [[Alan Turing Memorial|statue of Turing]] was unveiled in Manchester on 23 June 2001 in [[Sackville Park]], between the University of Manchester building on Whitworth Street and [[Canal Street, Manchester|Canal Street]]. The memorial statue depicts the "father of computer science" sitting on a bench at a central position in the park. Turing is shown holding an apple. The cast bronze bench carries in relief the text 'Alan Mathison Turing 1912–1954', and the motto 'Founder of Computer Science' as it could appear if encoded by an [[Enigma machine]]: 'IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ'. However, the meaning of the coded message is disputed, as the 'u' in 'computer' matches up with the 'u' in 'ADXUO'. As a letter encoded by an enigma machine cannot appear as itself, the actual message behind the code is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://benosteen.wordpress.com/2010/09/23/what-does-the-code-on-the-alan-turing-memorial-actually-say/|title=What does the code on the Alan Turing Memorial actually say?|date=23 September 2010|work=Random Hacks|access-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628125202/https://benosteen.wordpress.com/2010/09/23/what-does-the-code-on-the-alan-turing-memorial-actually-say/|archive-date=28 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Sackville Park Turing plaque.jpg|thumb|right|Turing memorial statue plaque in [[Sackville Park]], Manchester|链接=Special:FilePath/Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg]]A plaque at the statue's feet reads 'Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice'. There is also a [[Bertrand Russell]] quotation: "Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty—a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture." The sculptor buried his own old [[Amstrad]] computer under the [[plinth]] as a tribute to "the godfather of all modern computers".<ref name="computerburied">{{cite news | url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/computer-buried-in-tribute-to-genius-1186583 | title=Computer buried in tribute to genius | work=Manchester Evening News | date=17 February 2007 | access-date=7 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104022559/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/computer-buried-in-tribute-to-genius-1186583 | archive-date=4 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>

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图灵在曼彻斯特以各种方式获得了荣誉，他在这座城市工作直到生命的尽头。1994年，一段 a6010公路(曼彻斯特市中环线)被命名为“阿兰 · 图灵路”。一座承载着这条道路的桥梁被拓宽了，桥名为阿兰 · 图灵桥。图灵的雕像于2001年6月23日在 Sackville Park 揭幕，位于 Whitworth Street and Canal Street 的曼彻斯特大学大楼之间。纪念雕像描绘了“计算机科学之父”坐在公园中央的长椅上。图灵手里拿着一个苹果。铸造的青铜长凳上浮雕着文字‘艾伦·图灵1912-~~1954’，还有座右铭‘计算机科学的创始人’，如果用英格玛机器进行编码的话: ‘~~ IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO kvkkzc GUBJ’。然而，编码信息的含义是有争议的，因为“ computer”中的“ u”与“ adxeo”中的“ u”匹配。由于一封由英格玛密码机编码的信件不能以本身的形式出现，因此密码背后的真实信息是不确定的。

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【最终版】图灵在曼彻斯特以各种方式获得了荣誉，曼彻斯特是他生命末期工作的城市。1994年，A6010公路（曼彻斯特市中间的环形公路）的一段被命名为 "艾伦-图灵路"。承载这条道路的一座桥被拓宽，并被命名为艾伦-图灵桥。2001年6月23日，一座图灵的雕像在曼彻斯特的萨克维尔公园揭幕，位于惠特沃斯街的曼彻斯特大学大楼和运河街之间。纪念雕像描绘了这位 "计算机科学之父 "坐在公园中心位置的长椅上。图灵手持一个苹果。铸铜长椅上有 "艾伦-麦吉森-图灵1912-1954 "的浮雕文字，以及 "计算机科学的创始人 "的座右铭，如果用英尼码机器进行编码，它可能会出现："IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ"。然而，该密码信息的含义有争议，因为 "计算机 "中的 "u "与 "ADXUO "中的 "u "一致。由于由英格玛机器编码的字母不能以其本身的形式出现，密码背后的实际信息是不确定的。

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雕像脚下的一块牌匾上写着“计算机科学之父、数学家、逻辑学家、战时密码破译者、偏见的受害者”。还有一句伯特兰·罗素: “正确地看待数学，它不仅拥有真理，而且拥有至高无上的美ーー一种冷峻的美，就像雕塑一样。”雕塑家把他自己的老 Amstrad 电脑埋在底座下，以此向“现代电脑之父”致敬。

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雕像脚下的牌匾上写着 "计算机科学之父，数学家，逻辑学家，战时破译密码者，偏见的受害者"。这里还有一段伯特兰-罗素的名言。"正确看待数学，它不仅拥有真理，而且拥有至高无上的美--一种冷峻的美，就像雕塑的美。雕塑家将他自己的老式Amstrad电脑埋在基座下，作为对 "所有现代电脑的教父 "的致敬。

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【最终版】在曼彻斯特，图灵以各种方式受到了人们的尊敬。1994年，A6010公路(曼彻斯特市中环线)的一段路段被命名为“艾伦·图灵路”。一座承载这条路的桥被加宽，并以艾伦·图灵桥的名字命名。图灵的雕像于2001年6月23日在曼彻斯特大学惠特沃斯街和运河街之间的萨克维尔公园揭幕。这尊纪念雕像描绘了这位“计算机科学之父”坐在公园中央位置的长凳上。图灵拿着一个苹果。青铜铸成的长凳上刻有“艾伦·马西森·图灵1912-1954”的浮雕文字，以及“计算机科学创始人”的座右铭，如果用英格玛密码机进行编码，可能会出现这样的字样:“IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ”。然而，编码信息的含义是有争议的，因为'computer'中的'u'与'ADXUO'中的'u'匹配。由于由谜机编码的字母不能以其本身的形式出现，密码背后的实际信息是不确定的。

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雕像脚边的一块牌匾上写着:“计算机科学之父，数学家，逻辑学家，战时密码破解者，偏见的受害者”。伯特兰·罗素也曾说过:“正确地看，数学不仅拥有真理，而且拥有至高的美——一种冷酷而严肃的美，就像雕塑一样。”这位雕塑家将自己的老式阿姆斯特拉德电脑埋在基座下，以向“所有现代电脑的教父”致敬。

In 1999, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Turing as one of the [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|100 Most Important People of the 20th century]] and stated, "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine."<ref name="AFP" />A blue plaque was unveiled at King's College on the centenary of his birth on 23 June 2012 and is now installed at the college's Keynes Building on King's Parade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2012/turing-plaque.html|title=Blue plaque to commemorate Alan Turing|publisher=King's College, Cambridge|access-date=8 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207025216/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2012/turing-plaque.html|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2012/turing-plaque-fixed-place.html|title=Turing plaque fixed in place|publisher=[[King's College, Cambridge]]|access-date=8 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124354/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2012/turing-plaque-fixed-place.html|archive-date=9 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>On 25 March 2021, the [[Bank of England]] publicly unveiled the design for a new [[Bank of England £50 note|£50 note]], featuring Turing's portrait, before its official issue on 23 June, Turing's birthday. Turing was selected as the new face of the note in 2019 following a public nomination process.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pylas |first1=Pan |title=WWII codebreaker Alan Turing honored on new UK bank note |url=https://apnews.com/article/world-news-england-jane-austen-london-winston-churchill-d965076529b70fc8dbb020d364d88176 |access-date=25 March 2021 |work=AP News |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=25 March 2021}}</ref>

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1999年，《时代》(Time)杂志将图灵评为20世纪最重要的100人之一，并表示: “事实上，每个敲击键盘、打开电子表格或文字处理程序的人，都在开发图灵机的化身。”2012年6月23日，为了纪念他的百年诞辰，一块蓝色的牌匾在国王学院揭幕，现已安放在国王游行的 Keynes Building。2021年3月25日，英格兰银行在6月23日图灵的生日正式发行之前，公开披露了新版50英镑的设计，上面印有图灵的肖像。2019年，图灵经过公开的提名程序被选为该笔记的新面孔。

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【最终版】1999年，《时代》杂志将图灵评为20世纪100位最重要的人物之一，并指出："事实是，每个敲击键盘、打开电子表格或文字处理程序的人，都在为图灵机的化身工作。 "2021年3月25日，英格兰银行在6月23日图灵生日正式发行前，公开发布了新的50英镑纸币的设计，其中包括图灵的肖像。经过公开提名，图灵于2019年被选为新的纸币形象。

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【最终版】1999年，《时代》杂志将图灵列为20世纪100位最重要的人物之一，并指出:“事实是，每一个敲击键盘、打开电子表格或文字处理程序的人，都在为图灵机的化身工作。”2012年6月23日，国王学院为纪念他诞辰100周年揭幕了一块蓝色的牌匾，现在它被安装在国王广场上的凯恩斯大楼。2021年3月25日，英格兰银行在6月23日(图灵生日)正式发行之前，公开了新的50英镑纸币的设计，上面有图灵的肖像。在2019年的公开提名过程中，图灵被选为纸币的新面孔。

===Centenary celebrations纪念庆祝活动===

{{main|Alan Turing Year}}To mark the 100th anniversary of Turing's birth, the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee (TCAC) co-ordinated the [[Alan Turing Year]], a year-long programme of events around the world honouring Turing's life and achievements. The TCAC, chaired by [[S. Barry Cooper]] with Turing's nephew Sir John Dermot Turing acting as Honorary President, worked with the University of Manchester faculty members and a broad spectrum of people from Cambridge University and [[Bletchley Park]].

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为纪念图灵诞辰100周年，图灵百周年纪念顾问委员会(TCAC)举办了为期一年的「图灵年」活动，在世界各地举办活动，向图灵的一生和成就致敬。由 s. Barry Cooper 担任主席，图灵的侄子 John Dermot Turing 爵士担任荣誉主席，与曼彻斯特大学的教职员工以及剑桥大学和 Bletchley Park 的广泛人士一起工作。

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【最终版】为了纪念图灵诞辰100周年，图灵百年纪念咨询委员会（TCAC）协调了艾伦-图灵年，这是一项为期一年的活动，在世界各地纪念图灵的生活和成就。TCAC由S. Barry Cooper担任主席，图灵的侄子John Dermot Turing爵士担任名誉主席，与曼彻斯特大学的教职员工以及来自剑桥大学和布莱切利公园的广泛人士合作。

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【最终版】为了纪念图灵诞辰100周年，“图灵百年咨询委员会”(TCAC)协调了“图灵年”，这是一个为期一年的活动，在世界各地纪念图灵的一生和成就。TCAC由S. Barry Cooper担任主席，图灵的侄子John Dermot ~~Turing担任名誉主席，与曼彻斯特大学的教职员工以及来自剑桥大学和布莱切利公园的广泛人士合作。~~

===Steel sculpture controversy钢雕塑争议===

In May 2020 it was reported by ''[[Gay Star News]]'' that a {{convert|12|foot|adj=on}} high steel sculpture, to honour Turing, designed by Sir [[Antony Gormley]], was planned to be installed at [[King's College, Cambridge]]. [[Historic England]], however, was quoted as saying that the abstract work of 19 steel slabs "... would be at odds with the existing character of the College. This would result in harm, of a less than substantial nature, to the significance of the [[listed building]]s and landscape, and by extension the conservation area."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/heritage-watchdog-objects-to-statue-of-gay-hero-alan-turing-at-kings-college-cambridge/ |title=Heritage watchdog objects to statue of gay hero Alan Turing at Kings College Cambridge |first=Tris |last=Reid-Smith |date=1 May 2020 |website=Gay Star News |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>

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2020年5月，据《同志之星新闻》报道，为了纪念图灵，安东尼 · 葛姆雷爵士设计了一座高大的钢制雕塑，计划安装在剑桥国王学院。历史上的英格兰，然而，援引说，抽象的工作，19钢板“ ... ~~将与现有的学院性质不一致。这将对所列建筑物和景观的重要性造成损害，并扩大保护区的范围。”~~

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【最终版】2020年5月，Gay Star News报道说，由Antony Gormley爵士设计的纪念图灵的模板：转换高的钢制雕塑，计划安装在剑桥大学国王学院。然而，英国历史学会（Historic England）被引述说，这个由19块钢板组成的抽象作品"......将与学院现有的特征相抵触。这将导致对上市建筑和景观的重要性，以及延伸到保护区域的损害，其性质不大。

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【最终版】2020年5月，据Gay Star News报道，一个模板:由Antony Gormley爵士设计的高钢雕塑，以纪念图灵，计划在剑桥大学国王学院安装。然而，历史上的英国，被引用说，19个钢筋板的抽象作品“…将与学院现有的性质相冲突。这将对上榜的建筑和景观的重要性造成损害，并进一步扩大到保护区。”

==References参考文献==

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