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…chieve a tighter integration between complex networks and data mining, and open lines of research are discussed.'' ''From epjdatascience.springeropen.com''

…Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archiv …/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.a

…d Compute Information|volume= 332|issue= 6025|pages= 60–65|journal=Science|access-date= 13 April 2016|bibcode= 2011Sci...332...60H|last1= Hilbert|first1= Mar …|issue=2–3 |pages=61–65 |doi=10.1057/s41270-016-0001-3 |issn=2050-3318|doi-access=free}}</ref>大数据分析挑战包括捕获数据、[[数据存储]]、[[

== Rate or Trade? Identifying Winning Ideas in Open Idea Sourcing == …ature by explaining how perceptual differences of task representations for open idea evaluation affect the decision quality of users and translate into dif

…[[Agner Krarup Erlang]] when he created models to describe the system of Copenhagen Telephone Exchange company, a Danish company.<ref name="sun" /> The id | access-date = 2009-07-08

…ing frame i.e., there is an imposed condition determined by a limited data access. In addition, another key aspect to take into account is the huge amount of '''原文链接：''' http://appliednetsci.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s41109-016-0001-4''

…ing frame i.e., there is an imposed condition determined by a limited data access. In addition, another key aspect to take into account is the huge amount of '''原文链接：''' http://appliednetsci.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s41109-016-0001-4''

…030-17601-3_5 |isbn=978-3-030-17600-6 |s2cid=121295850 |url=http://researchopen.lsbu.ac.uk/3224/1/setss2018.pdf }}</ref> …ref>{{cite web |publisher=The British Library |title=Who was Alan Turing? |access-date=29 July 2019 |url=https://www.bl.uk/people/alan-turing |archive-url=ht

4 Important open problems重要的开放性问题 …e Turing machines have been proposed in the literature, for example random access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each of these models can be converted to an

…els and predictive algorithms for the analysis of societal events based on open source data.'' …social sensing applications is challenged by privacy threats. Large-scale access to citizens’ data allow surveillance and discriminatory actions that may

…= 16464129 | pmc = 1363709 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040049 }} {{open access}}</ref>。神经元的动作电位也被称为“神经冲动（neural impu …ardiac_muscle_contraction.htm#muscle_ap |title=Cardiac Muscle Contraction |accessdate=2021-05-28 }}</ref>。

…://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemical-engineering/multi-agent-systems | access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>上。 …ges=5–30 |id= |url=http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~danny/papers/2007JAAMAS.pdf |accessdate=2013-05-31 |quote= |doi=10.1007/s10458-006-0012-0 |citeseerx=10.1.1.154

…the 'space map' as being the negative image of the standard map, with the open space cut out of the background buildings or walls.<ref name="SocLo2">Hilli …pace, and a convex space the 'maximal convex polygon' that can be drawn in open space. Each of these elements is defined by the geometry of the local bound

…nd Care Excellence, London, UK|title=Randomised controlled trial|date=2019|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref>当然这也包括一个以上的治疗组或一个 …ate = June 2008 | pmid = 19463302 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcin.2008.01.008 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

…O, Hybridizing ant colony optimization with beam search. An application to open shop scheduling]," Technical report TR/IRIDIA/2003-17, 2003.</ref> …Engineering|date=2013|volume=2013|page=753251|doi=10.1155/2013/753251|doi-access=free}}</ref>

* Training a CartPole to balance in OpenAI Gym with actor-critic ====用于分辨色情图像的open_nsfw====

…ation for Conscious Evolution|newspaper=Foundation for Conscious Evolution|access-date=2016-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218124636/http …e Theory|url=https://www.ece.ucsb.edu/~jrmarden/files/Learning-Chapter.pdf|access-date=8 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200817/

…ata Science {{!}} Data Science Association|website=www.datascienceassn.org|access-date=2020-04-03}} …e sexy skills of data geeks|website=m.e.driscoll: data utopian|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}

…quilibrium'', is that "living organisms are [[open system (systems theory)|open]] to their environment and can build up at the expense of foodstuffs which …ublisher = Worth Publishers | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-87901-711-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780879017118 }}</r

…Learning]]| volume = 82 | issue = 3 | pages = 275–279 | year = 2011 | doi-access = free }}</ref>，同时也受益于数字化信息日益增长的普及性 …mitations of machine learning|publisher= [[Techworld]]|date = October 2019|accessdate=7 April 2020}}</ref>

…stitution Press|url=https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst|url-access=registration |isbn=978-0262050531 }}</ref><ref name="Cooperation">{{cite bo …Intelligence |url=https://archive.org/details/aitumultuoushist00crev |url-access=registration |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York, NY}}</ref>例如四

…e Automata|last=Kleene|first=S.C.|date=|work=Annals of Mathematics Studies|access-date=2017-06-17|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|publisher=Princeton Un

…3/2018/02/VanderWeele_CV.pdf |title=Tyler J. VanderWeele Curriculum Vitae |access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> …verweight With All-Cause Mortality. Mathur MB, VanderWeele TJ. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 03 01. 5(3):e222614. PMID: 35344049

…oc. Prof. Amit Gupta, Student contributor - S. Anish, IIM Bangalore|date= |accessdate=1 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-02>{{cite journal |title=Ten Princi …rything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> 。

''by Mikhail Prokopenko, Lionel Barnett, Michael Harré, Joseph T. Lizier, Oliver Obst, X. Rosali ''Royal Society Open Science, 2016, 3, 160007''

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…they|url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/faculty/susan-athey|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Stanford Graduate School of Business|language=en}}< …l/pubs/ft/fandd/2019/06/profile-stanford-economist-susan-athey-people.htm |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>。

…|pages=232–238|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.057|last1=Posard|first1=Marek|doi-access=free}}</ref>

…lume=7 |issue=2 |pages=147–156 |doi=10.1093/bfgp/eln015|pmid=18443014 |doi-access=free }}</ref> {{math|Z(G&prime;)}}越大，子图{{math|G&prime;}}作为模 …=11 |pages=1746–1758 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/bth163|pmid=15001476 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="wer1">{{cite journal |author=Wernicke S |title=Effi

…ociety| volume = 26 | pages = 148–224| year = 1980 | pmid = | pmc = | doi-access = free }}</ref> …|website=Britannica School High |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |accessdate=3 June 2019}}</ref>

…stitution Press|url=https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst|url-access=registration |isbn=978-0262050531 }}</ref><ref name="Cooperation">{{cite bo …Intelligence |url=https://archive.org/details/aitumultuoushist00crev |url-access=registration |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York, NY}}</ref>一些学

…title = La connaissance est un réseau| journal =Les Cahiers du Numérique| accessdate = 2014-10-15| date = 2014| pages = 37–54| url = http://www.cairn.info …tion|publisher=CRC Press|url=http://cs.brown.edu/~rt/gdhandbook/|year=2014|access-date=2013-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815181243/http

…sium.com/definition-of-singularity.html |website=singularitysymposium.com |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Singularity hypotheses">{{cite book |au

…ms, Man and Cybernetics |pages=364–378|doi=10.1109/TSMC.1971.4308320|pmid=|accessdate=|volume=1|issue=4}}</ref> …ction_and_analysis_in_the_behavioral_sciences |journal=Harvard University |accessdate=12 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="werbos1982">{{Cite book|url=ftp://ftp.id

…insteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol9-trans/52 |publisher=Princeton U.P. |accessdate=|volume = 9|title = The Berlin Years: Correspondence, January 1919-Apri …hing|isbn=9781418165062|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpjWPQAACAAJ|accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref>在其中，他讨论了庞加莱的常规日程

…egrees of separation stretches back to Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi |accessdate=16 July 2012 }}</ref>。 …org/news/2006/03/20/the_power_of_open_participatory.htm|title=The Power Of Open Participatory Media And Why Mass Media Must Be Abandoned|author=Robin Good|

…l|title=Steering Behaviors For Autonomous Characters|website=www.red3d.com|access-date=2016-12-17}}</ref>仿真中，''' 指导行为Steering Behaviors'''在 …e=3|pages=22–31|doi=10.1109/MCG.2009.105|pmid=24808089|hdl=11693/11800|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

…first2 = Dinesh S.|last2 = Kumar|first3 = Alex Pappachen|last3 = James|doi-access = free}}</ref>和物体识别<ref name=":37">{{Cite journal|title = Memrist …公民权，从而直接面临人权问题。这将有悖于《欧联基本权利宪章》和《欧洲保障人权和根本自由公约》”<ref>"Robotics Openletter | Open letter to the European Commission" (in français). Retrieved 2019-05-10.</r

…onautics| url=https://mems.duke.edu/files/mems/thomas/downloads/hblco.pdf| access-date = December 9, 2019 | bibcode =2002AIAAJ..40..638T| year =2002| doi =10 * Arthur Mattuck, Limit Cycles: Existence and Non-existence Criteria, MIT Open Courseware http://videolectures.net/mit1803s06_mattuck_lec32/#

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…Prediction|year=2009|url=http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~tibs/ElemStatLearn/|accessdate=2012-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110212529/http: …Peter|author7=Witten, Ian H.|year=2010|title=WEKA Experiences with a Java open-source project|journal=Journal of Machine Learning Research|volume=11|pages

…algorithms|url=https://archive.org/details/designanalysisof00ahoarich|url-access=registration|year=1974|publisher=Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.}}, section 1.3</re '''while''' ''file is still open:''

…me=2013| pages=1–9|year = 2013|last1 = Pokrovskii|first1 = Vladimir N.|doi-access=free}}</ref> …rl=http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node37.html|accessdate=2010-10-07 |publisher=web.mit.edu}}</ref> 最突出的经典陈述是 '

…ssue=7|pages=1154–1159|doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btv013|pmid=25619997|doi-access=free}}&lt;nowiki&gt;</ref>。 …2-5193(03)00035-3|pmid=12782112|pmc=6388622|citeseerx=10.1.1.13.3370}}<!--|accessdate=25 November 2014--></ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=J.|last2=B

…cs, Springer International Publishing, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41285-6, Open access-[1]</ref>

…|volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=881&ndash;892 |doi=10.1109/TPAMI.2002.1017616 |accessdate=2009-04-24 }}</ref> …|volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=143&ndash;175 |doi=10.1023/a:1007612920971 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

…e=2014|website=Clark University|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=December 5, 2019}}</ref> …] that produces numbers ''X'' that are uniformly distributed in the [[half-open interval]] [0,1). These [[random variate]]s ''X'' are then transformed via

| title=Open Access for Social Simulation

…ene M. Izhikevich, Editor-in-Chief of Scholarpedia, the peer-reviewed open-access encyclopedia

…od Lipson: CV |publisher=Cornell Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering (MAE) |accessdate=2015-08-10}}</ref>之后，利普森在康奈尔大学担任了14年教

…ial Equations |url=https://archive.org/details/theoryofordinary00codd |url-access=registration |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1955 }}

…ene M. Izhikevich, Editor-in-Chief of Scholarpedia, the peer-reviewed open-access encyclopedia