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- A market is a composition of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations or infrastructures whereby part …economic system as being coordinated by the price mechanism....in economic theory we find that the allocation of factors of production between different uses178 KB（19,982个字） - 2022年6月29日 (三) 14:16
- …isms<ref>Grzegorz Rozenberg and Arto Salomaa. The mathematical theory of L systems (Academic Press, New York, 1980). {{ISBN|0-12-597140-0}}</ref> and can be… …r of plant cells and to model the growth processes of plant development. L-systems have also been used to model the morphology of a variety of organisms and…54 KB（6,635个字） - 2020年5月8日 (五) 13:40
- …ife and consciousness appear to have strikingly comparable self-generating systems. What alternate structure would be the most probable if this assumption hol …tain a deeper knowledge of the self-generating structure of complex living systems, Swarma Club's scientist Xiaomuqiu (Qiu Weiyi) teamed forces with Zhou Liqi38 KB（5,242个字） - 2022年6月15日 (三) 19:45
- …o design methodology,<ref>https://systemic-design.org/</ref> integrating [[systems thinking]] and [[human-centred design]], with the intention of helping desi …ign intends to develop methodologies and approaches that help to integrate systems thinking with design towards sustainability at the environmental, social an34 KB（3,670个字） - 2022年6月29日 (三) 14:28
- …tical biology focuses on the use of mathematical tools to study biological systems, even though the two terms are sometimes interchanged.<ref>{{cite journal… …tical biology focuses on the use of mathematical tools to study biological systems, even though the two terms are sometimes interchanged.75 KB（8,339个字） - 2022年6月10日 (五) 19:25
- {{Short description|Subject of study in ergodic theory}} …articular, most [[dissipative system|non-dissipative]] systems) as well as systems in [[thermodynamic equilibrium]].46 KB（5,956个字） - 2021年12月1日 (三) 11:31
- {{Recommender systems}} …[consensus]], [[social capital]] and '''''formalisms''''' such as [[voting systems]], [[social media]] and other means of quantifying mass activity.<ref name=245 KB（27,545个字） - 2021年7月20日 (二) 17:39
- …sion theory overlaps with [[proof theory]] and [[effective descriptive set theory]]. …recursion theory overlaps with proof theory and effective descriptive set theory.111 KB（13,210个字） - 2021年2月3日 (三) 23:25
- …ServidorParalelo.jpg|thumb|right|[[#Queueing networks|Queue networks]] are systems in which single queues are connected by a routing network. In this image,… …ueue lengths and waiting time can be predicted.<ref name="sun" /> Queueing theory is generally considered a branch of [[operations research]] because the res66 KB（8,007个字） - 2022年6月14日 (二) 17:36
- == Relative Entropy in Biological Systems == …ilibrium in biological systems. The replicator equation, evolutionary game theory, Markov processes and chemical reaction networks all describe the dynamics79 KB（11,612个字） - 2020年10月14日 (三) 22:13
- 标签：Complex Systems, Data Science …me Theory, Social Systems, Social Science, Agent-Based Modeling, Dynamical Systems53 KB（882个字） - 2020年10月14日 (三) 21:54
- …with perturbations of the system itself. Variants of this notion apply to systems of [[ordinary differential equation]]s, [[vector field]]s on [[smooth manif …with perturbations of the system itself. Variants of this notion apply to systems of ordinary differential equations, vector fields on smooth manifolds and…23 KB（2,680个字） - 2021年11月17日 (三) 17:44
- …ption|Scientific study of the Earth's spheres and their natural integrated systems}} …interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems.]]40 KB（4,607个字） - 2022年1月26日 (三) 21:41
- The Organization of living systems * John Minger:《Selfproducing systems-- Implications and Applications of Autopoiesis》一书第二章80 KB（6,761个字） - 2020年10月21日 (三) 23:37
- A '''dissipative system''' is a thermodynamically [[open system (systems theory)|open system]] which is operating out of, and often far from, [[thermodynam …breaking ([[anisotropy]]) and the formation of complex, sometimes [[Chaos theory|chaotic]], structures where interacting particles exhibit long range correl22 KB（2,237个字） - 2022年1月18日 (二) 17:17
- …/fractalfoundation.org/resources/what-is-chaos-theory/|title=What is Chaos Theory? – Fractal Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref> [[蝴 …Stephen H. |title = In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamical Systems |url = https://archive.org/details/inwakeofchaosunp0000kell |url-access =…93 KB（7,954个字） - 2020年7月18日 (六) 14:26
- …nmental increase, resulting in a net increase in entropy. Examples of such systems and phenomena include the formation of typical crystals, the workings of a …nmental increase, resulting in a net increase in entropy. Examples of such systems and phenomena include the formation of typical crystals, the workings of a77 KB（9,110个字） - 2022年3月28日 (一) 03:19
- In the mathematical theory of probability, the '''drift-plus-penalty method''' is used for optimizatio …method is used for optimization of queueing networks and other stochastic systems.102 KB（13,288个字） - 2022年6月14日 (二) 17:35
- …{{Cite book|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|date=2007-01-01|pu …_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=35 KB（2,235个字） - 2020年11月21日 (六) 00:10
- …16}}</ref>。系统由其时空边界所描述，被其所处环境包围并影响；系统也由其结构和目的所描述，表达为其功能。系统是'''系统理论 systems theory'''的研究对象。 …Media Research: Technology, Art and Communication: Critical Voices in Art, Theory and Culture23 KB（1,157个字） - 2022年4月18日 (一) 18:46
- …071-1365|pmid=30287586}}</ref>它跨越了系统论和应用数学方法的领域，发展成为'''[[复杂系统生物学]] complex systems biology'''的一个分支。 …name=Voit01>{{cite book|last1=Voit|first1=Eberhard|title=A First Course in Systems Biology|date=2012|publisher=Garland Science|isbn=9780815344674}}</ref>27 KB（1,629个字） - 2022年3月15日 (二) 16:11
- …g pre-existing values. Any attempt to do so in a realistic hidden-variable theory leads to values that are dependent upon the choice of the other (compatible ….1088/1367-2630/13/11/113036|s2cid=17435105|issn=1367-2630}}</ref> [[graph theory]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cabello|first1=Adan|last2=Severini|first2=Simon75 KB（8,547个字） - 2022年10月12日 (三) 15:12
- …ServidorParalelo.jpg|thumb|right|[[#Queueing networks|Queue networks]] are systems in which single queues are connected by a routing network. In this image,… …ueue lengths and waiting time can be predicted.<ref name="sun" /> Queueing theory is generally considered a branch of [[operations research]] because the res35 KB（4,924个字） - 2022年6月10日 (五) 17:01
- {{Short description|Examining complex systems as a whole}} …stems thinking about the society.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Impression of systems thinking about society]]3 KB（347个字） - 2022年6月29日 (三) 14:28
- {{Short description|systems with external interactions}} [[File:OpenSystemRepresentation.svg|thumb|252px|''Open [[system|systems]]'' have input and output flows, representing exchanges of matter, energy…17 KB（1,787个字） - 2021年12月1日 (三) 11:22
- Computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their resource… Computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their resource…116 KB（12,851个字） - 2021年3月2日 (二) 15:47
- …which they then translate into internal representations. Natural cognitive systems...participate in the generation of meaning ...engaging in transformational …which they then translate into internal representations. Natural cognitive systems...participate in the generation of meaning ...engaging in transformational114 KB（13,129个字） - 2022年6月10日 (五) 18:27
- …method,<ref>Berry B J & F Horton (1971) ''Geographic Perspectives on Urban Systems'', John Wiley, N-Y.</ref> applying it to most important cities in the world …of the method,Berry B J & F Horton (1971) Geographic Perspectives on Urban Systems, John Wiley, N-Y. applying it to most important cities in the world and exh136 KB（14,537个字） - 2022年1月19日 (三) 17:58
- …e.g. bacteria quorum sensing and ant pheromone detection, and in synthetic systems, e.g. bimetallic nanorods and enzyme molecule chemotaxis. …e.g. bacteria quorum sensing and ant pheromone detection, and in synthetic systems, e.g. bimetallic nanorods and enzyme molecule chemotaxis.61 KB（6,563个字） - 2021年1月14日 (四) 18:33
- …latory Case of LEGO | journal = Journal of the Association for Information Systems | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = 754–778 | year = 2014 | url = http:/ …ic Web|semantic]] [[wiki]] and [[database]] Enipedia also publishes energy systems data using the concept of crowdsourced [[open data|open]] information. Enip247 KB（27,473个字） - 2022年1月15日 (六) 12:01
- …t al., editors. The Tests of Time: Readings in the Development of Physical Theory. Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 412. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcm4 …t al., editors. The Tests of Time: Readings in the Development of Physical Theory. Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 412. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcm4285 KB（36,825个字） - 2022年6月10日 (五) 18:33
- …general structure for the growth of national economies as integrated urban systems.'' …ing these observations based on the theory of phase transitions in complex systems. We studied the link between spatial and temporal correlations of large-sca70 KB（9,988个字） - 2020年10月14日 (三) 22:12
- …ystems| title=Selected self-organization and the semiotics of evolutionary systems| year=1998| first=Luis M.| last=Rocha|pages=341–358|publisher=Springer, D …ric| last=Drexler| year=1986}}</ref> to distinguish macroscale replicating systems from the microscopic [[nanorobot]]s or "[[assembler (nanotechnology)|assemb87 KB（9,620个字） - 2022年6月10日 (五) 19:22
- 24 KB（919个字） - 2021年10月24日 (日) 21:59
- …g trajectories of dynamical systems. The notion of deterministic dynamical systems assumes that the equations determining the dynamics do not contain any rand …y theory, is based on general notions of [[Measure (mathematics)|measure]] theory. Its initial development was motivated by problems of [[statistical physic39 KB（4,090个字） - 2022年10月12日 (三) 15:43
- …ight simulators, the flight computer in aircraft, and for teaching control systems in universities. Perhaps the most relatable example of analog computers are …veloped an electrically driven mechanical analog computer for fire-control systems, based on the differential analyser. It was used by the Imperial Russian Na121 KB（13,399个字） - 2022年6月10日 (五) 19:04
- …url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemical-engineering/multi-agent-systems | access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>上。 …ed information infrastructure for disaster management |journal=Intelligent Systems for Crisis Management |pages=349–355 |date=2013|display-authors=etal|doi=24 KB（2,012个字） - 2020年12月27日 (日) 22:49
- …uthor1=Thomas M. Cover|author2=Joy A. Thomas|title=Elements of Information Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWq5GG6ycxMC=PT16|year=2012|publisher …Gikhman|author2=Anatoly Vladimirovich Skorokhod|title=Introduction to the Theory of Random Processes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJyLzG7N7r8C|year139 KB（13,874个字） - 2022年3月12日 (六) 08:41
- …]. The development of thermodynamics both drove and was driven by [[atomic theory]]. It also, albeit in a subtle manner, motivated new directions in [[probab …ion. The development of thermodynamics both drove and was driven by atomic theory. It also, albeit in a subtle manner, motivated new directions in probabilit67 KB（7,298个字） - 2021年12月1日 (三) 11:19
- …facilitated in biological systems by horizontal transmission and in social systems by active spreading strategies of infected individuals.'' …tives and feedback mechanisms that foster the ability of complex dynamical systems to self-organize and lead to a more resilient society and sustainable econo91 KB（7,595个字） - 2020年10月14日 (三) 21:03
- {{About|natural ecosystems|the term used in man-made systems|Digital ecosystem|the system of classifying ecologically homogeneous land… {{Redirect|Biosystem|the journal|BioSystems}}122 KB（13,527个字） - 2022年1月19日 (三) 17:50
- …General Features of Complex Systems"].Yaneer, Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. Retrieved 16 September.</ref>。因此，复杂系统可以看作是'''还47 KB（2,634个字） - 2020年7月21日 (二) 10:11
- …tems]], [[political system|political systems]], [[cultural system|cultural systems]], etc. …tems, such as economic systems, legal systems, political systems, cultural systems, etc.29 KB（3,225个字） - 2020年10月27日 (二) 23:04
- …sed approach], Proc IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, p. 202-208, Poznan, 1994</ref> …chapter=Smart Robots|title=Smart Robots: A Handbook of Intelligent Robotic Systems|last=Hunt|first=V. Daniel|publisher=Chapman and Hall|year=1985|page=141|isb213 KB（24,580个字） - 2020年5月7日 (四) 15:02
- …ut|decision making as analyzed in psychology|a broader discipline|Decision theory}} …sbn=978-0805832679 |oclc=44775038 |chapter-url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~theory/Godfrey-Smith.pdf}}</ref> Studies done at the [[University of Colorado]] ha147 KB（16,192个字） - 2022年3月25日 (五) 15:23
- …le system theory]] (VST) which models autonomous social [[complex adaptive systems]]. It can be used to model the relationship between an agency and its envi …oston Studies in the Philosophy of Science</ref> which explains why living systems actually live. However, Beer did not make general use of the concept in his28 KB（2,976个字） - 2022年5月16日 (一) 09:28
- …ol algorithm is not generally needed to provide adequate control of simple systems, which are often controlled well by generic [[PID controller]]s. Common dyn …ol algorithm is not generally needed to provide adequate control of simple systems, which are often controlled well by generic PID controllers. Common dynamic60 KB（7,030个字） - 2022年7月30日 (六) 14:03
- …vanced statistics.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/systemsanalysisf00wet_ev9}}</ref> …[[data envelopment analysis]], [[neural networks]], [[Expert System|expert systems]], [[decision analysis]], and the [[analytic hierarchy process]].<ref>{{cit73 KB（7,133个字） - 2023年1月21日 (六) 17:48
- …. The net result is that much of the sophisticated organization of complex systems may go undetected. '' …ptation, the opposite of that predicted by standard molecular evolutionary theory. We argue that this observation is most likely due to the existence of a co44 KB（6,437个字） - 2020年10月14日 (三) 21:27
- …on|Fundamental physics principle stating that physical solutions of linear systems are linear}} {{About|the superposition principle in linear systems|other uses|Superposition (disambiguation)}}49 KB（4,935个字） - 2021年1月26日 (二) 20:54