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{{Infobox scientist | caption = John von Neumann in the 1940s

…definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of artificial intelligence}} …ary of computer science]], [[Glossary of robotics]], and [[Glossary of machine vision]].

[[File:Fahr-Simulation.jpg|thumb|Driving simulator.]] Driving simulator.

…ed edifice. This article will try to sketch some approaches to it and some concepts important for it. …ed edifice. This article will try to sketch some approaches to it and some concepts important for it.

{{short description|System in which parties engage in transactions according to supply and demand}} {{financial markets}}

{{short description|Physics of heat, work, and temperature}} …nd cold body (water), the letters labeled according to the stopping points in [[Carnot cycle]].

此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。{{redirect-distinguish|Roboticist|Cyberneticist}} {{distinguish|Cybernetics}}

{{short description|List of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in computer science}} …rms relevant to [[software]], [[data science]], and {{gli|computer programming}}.

{{Short description|Limitative results in mathematical logic}} …but not universally, interpreted as showing that [[Hilbert's program]] to find a complete and consistent set of [[axiom]]s for all [[mathematics]] is imp

…275px|[[Spontaneous parametric down-conversion]] process can split photons into type II photon pairs with mutually perpendicular polarization.]] [[Spontaneous parametric down-conversion process can split photons into type II photon pairs with mutually perpendicular polarization.]]

{{short description|Statement relating differentiable symmetries to conserved quantities}} …ther theorem 1st page.png|thumb| First page of [[Emmy Noether]]'s article "Invariante Variationsprobleme" (1918), where she proved her theorem.]]

{{short description|Characteristic that distinguishes physical entities having biological processes}} {{Hatnote|For other uses, see [[Life (disambiguation)]]. For "Life" in the personal sense, see [[Personal life]] and [[Everyday life]].}}

…698 '''Savery Engine''' – the world's first commercially useful [[steam engine]]: built by [[Thomas Savery]]]] …ctions in [[probability]] and [[statistics]]; see, for example, the [[timeline of thermodynamics]].

{{Short description|Situations involving imperfect or unknown information}} {{Hatnote|For the film of the same name, see [[Uncertainty (film)]].}}

{{Hatnote|For a more general introduction to the topic, see [[Introduction to quantum mechanics]].}} {{short description|Linear partial differential equation whose solution describes the quantum-mecha

…]] [[Flow (mathematics)|flows]] of [[matter]] or of [[energy]], either within a system or between systems. …rium there are no net macroscopic flows of matter or of energy, either within a system or between systems.

网络模体的发现算法 mfinder和FPF算法---李鹏<br> …ocal property of networks are so-called '''network motifs''', which are defined as recurrent and [[statistically significant]] sub-graphs or patterns.

{{Short description|Type of uncertainty of meaning in which several interpretations are plausible}} …its long nose and chin? At least, they ''look'' exactly like a nose and chin, that is don't they? But they really ''are'' two of its legs. You know a Ca

== Scaling and universality in urban economic diversification == ''by Hyejin Youn, Luís M. A. Bettencourt, José Lobo, Deborah Strumsky, Horacio Samani

==复杂社会系统中的危机：以智利事件为例的一个社会理论观点 （Crisis in complex social systems: A social theory view illustrated with the chilean… From onlinelibrary.wiley.com

…-step random walks.png|thumb|Five eight-step random walks from a central point. Some paths appear shorter than eight steps where the route has doubled ba In [[mathematics]], a '''random walk''' is a [[random process]] that describes

{{Infobox probability distribution {{Infobox probability distribution

{{short description|Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium}} …f a thermodynamic system may be purely notional, when it is described as being 'permeable' to all matter, all radiation, and all forces.

{{short description|Interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering}} …parts, devices, and systems, or to redesign systems that are already found in nature.

{{short description|Type of mathematical model used for infectious diseases}} …r example SEIS means susceptible, exposed, infectious, then susceptible again.

{{Short description|Principle of quantum mechanics}} {{see also|Superposition principle}}

此词条由A+审校，未经专家审核，带来阅读不便，请见谅。共计15335字{{Infobox scientist | name = Alan Turing

…e computing|similar concepts|High-throughput computing|and|Many-task computing}} …v/intrepid |archive-date=7 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{cbignore|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}]]

{{short description|Visible regularity of form found in the natural world}} …ltra - Sand Dunes.jpg|thumb|225px|Natural patterns form as wind blows sand in the dunes of the [[Namib Desert]]. The [[barchan|crescent shaped dunes]] an

…sciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society}} {{About||the integrated field of study intended to promote civic competence|Social studies|the social-political-econo

…和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。{{short description|Motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity}} …yers.<ref name="Batchelor">{{cite book | last=Batchelor | first=G. | title=Introduction to Fluid Mechanics | year=2000}}</ref>

…he phase coherence from the target body to the whole system, rendering the interference pattern unobservable.]] …he phase coherence from the target body to the whole system, rendering the interference pattern unobservable.

…over a set that is discrete over some intervals and continuous over other intervals or is any arbitrary time-set such as a [[cantor set]], one gets [[dy …over a set that is discrete over some intervals and continuous over other intervals or is any arbitrary time-set such as a cantor set, one gets dynamic

== Fisher transfer entropy: quantifying the gain in transient sensitivity == ''Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical & Engineering Sciences, 2015, 471(2184)''

…isher=World Scientific |year=2020 |isbn=978-1786347268 |url=https://rethinkingevolution.com/}}</ref> …2015 |title= A New History of Life: the radical discoveries about the origins and evolution of life on earth |publisher= Bloomsbury Press |pages= 39–4

…l physics principle stating that physical solutions of linear systems are linear}} {{About|the superposition principle in linear systems|other uses|Superposition (disambiguation)}}

…onsisting of 21 (blue) and 13 (aqua). Such arrangements have been noticed since the [[Middle Ages]] and can be used to make mathematical models of a wide …rinciples: Cells and their physical constraints | journal = Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology | volume = 122 | issue = 1 | pages = 58–69 | date =

{{economic systems sidebar|by coordination}} …on the Regulation of Money and Nature After the Collapse of "Actually Existing Socialism|url=https://archive.org/details/futureofmarketes0000altv|url-acc

已由[[用户:Yillia Jing]]进行初步翻译，已由[[用户:Flipped]]进行审校。{{Information theory}} …th>H(Y|X)</math>。两个圆中间的交集部分（紫色的部分）表示二者的<font color="#ff8000">'''互信息 Mutual information，（MI）'''</font><math>\operatorname{I}(X;Y)</math>）。]]

…ah Willard |authorlink=Josiah Willard Gibbs |title=[[Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics]] |year=1902 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]… …t=Landau |first=L.D. |author2=Lifshitz, E.M. |isbn=0-08-023038-5 |authorlink=Lev Landau |year=1980 |publisher=Pergamon Press |pages=9 ff }}</ref>

…social media|social media analytics|social networking sites|social networking service|other uses|Social network (disambiguation)}} {{short description|Analysis of social structures using network and graph theory}}

…ents on three systems with non-variational aspects |journal=Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena |date=December 1992 |volume=61 |issue=1–4 |pages=77–93 |do …ermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers'', Springer-Verlag, Berlin, e-{{ISBN|978-3-540-74252-4}}.</ref>。

…rostate in statistical ensemble and phase transition|journal=Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy|date=25 April 2019|volume=62|issue=2019|doi=10.1007/ …ng|title=Renormalization Group Theory of Eigen Microstates|journal=Chinese Physics Letters|date=7 June 2022|volume=39|issue=8|doi=10.1088/0256-307X/39/8/08050

…e men (looking to the right) say ''yes''. The purple men can have either opinion.]] …on called [[social validation]] and thus extends the [[Ising spin model]]. In simple words, the model states:

…Artemy Kolchinsky, Daniel B. Larremore, Eric Libby, Eleanor A. Power, Caitlin A. Stern, Brendan Tracey'' …nsmission and in social systems by active spreading strategies of infected individuals.''

{{Short description|Continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth}} …enderson |first22=Kathryn D. |last23=Pinay |first23=Gilles |title=Human domination of the global water cycle absent from depictions and perceptions |jour

…ose integral over a region describes the probability of an event occurring in that region}} …bability density function of a [[normal distribution]] {{nowrap|''N''(0,&thinsp;''σ''²)}}.

本词条由11初步翻译，由Sixin审校。 {{short description|Statistical principle about ratio of effects to causes}}

…te web|url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Chaos.html|title=Chaos|last=Weisstein|first=Eric W.|website=mathworld.wolfram.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11 …os-in-an-atmosphere-hanging-on-a-wall/ |title = Chaos in an Atmosphere Hanging on a Wall |last1 = Danforth |first1 = Christopher M. |date = April 2013 |w

…pability, while popularizations have assumed that machines might somehow gain this capability by accident. …pability, while popularizations have assumed that machines might somehow gain this capability by accident.

'''【'''Some claim that peeling an onion will cause you to cry because as you remove each layer, you will …e. Life and consciousness appear to have strikingly comparable self-generating systems. What alternate structure would be the most probable if this assum

…hat describes the probability of occurrence of different possible outcomes in an experiment}} {{Off topic|date=August 2020|Random variable|talksectionheading}}

{{Short description|Biology interpreted as a sign system}} …gs in Biosemiotics: Anthology and Commentary. (Biosemiotics 3.) Berlin: Springer.</ref>

{{Short description|Physical constant relating particle kinetic energy with temperature}} {{Distinguish|Stefan–Boltzmann constant}}

…系统 Interacting Particle Systems、麦肯-弗拉索夫过程 McKean-Vlasov Processes、气体动力学模型 Kinetic Models of Gases'''）。 …uglas|last2=Samuelson|first2 = Douglas A. |date = October 2009 |title=Modeling Without Measurements |url=http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/357348e6#/35

…hort description|Scientific study of the Earth's spheres and their natural integrated systems}} …ology]] seeks a [[holistic]] view of the interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems.]]

…:Ergodic hypothesis w reflecting rays.jpg|thumb|The question of ergodicity in a perfectly collisionless [[ideal gas]] with [[specular reflection]]s.]] The question of ergodicity in a perfectly collisionless [[ideal gas with specular reflections.]]

…nt science (synonymous with decision science and operation research), modeling, simulation, and advanced statistics.|url-access=registration|url=https:// …ment and application of advanced analytical methods to improve decision-making. It is considered to be a subfield of mathematical sciences. The term mana

…-11ea-8988-0242ac1a0005 "Concepts: Power Law"].New England Complex Systems Institute. Retrieved 18 August.</ref> …f's law". [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Physics Contemporary Physics.] 46 (5): 323–351. [https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0412004 arXiv:cond-mat

…for Psychology and Psychotherapy|date=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-32758-7}}</ref><ref name="bieleck

…istics of the system. Self-oscillations are important in physics, engineering, biology, and economics.

…rd |display-authors=etal |date=2006 |title=Self-organization and Emergence in Life Sciences |isbn=978-1-402-03916-4 |page=1}}</ref> …ric |author2=Dorigo, Marco |author3=Theraulaz, Guy |date=1999 |title=Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems |isbn=978-0-19-513159-8|publi

…le) and its ultra·low power consumption, making it one candidate for replacing [[CMOS]] technology. …;the study of [[quantum information processing]]. In particular, the following are features of models of quantum cellular automata:

…ughn, Jerry S. |title=College physics |publisher=Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning |location=Belmont, CA |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-495-38693-3 |oclc= |doi= |acc

…al systems assumes that the equations determining the dynamics do not contain any random perturbations, noise, etc. Thus, the statistics with which we ar …heory. Its initial development was motivated by problems of [[statistical physics]].

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…external and internal attributes and constraints. Internal attributes may include immanent dynamic "self" processes that drive agency change. …y live. However, Beer did not make general use of the concept in his modelling process.

…free energy|free energy]], [[entropy]], and [[pressure]], can be expressed in terms of the partition function or its [[derivative]]s. The partition funct …as many physical meanings, as discussed in [[#Meaning and significance|Meaning and significance]].

*磁性材料处于''' 居里点 Curie point'''（居里温度）时，在''' 铁磁ferromagnetism'''和''' 顺磁 para

…hods and Applications |isbn=9780521387071 |chapter=Social Network Analysis in the Social and Behavioral Sciences |pages=1–27 |publisher=Cambridge Unive …a Highly Connected World |first1=David |last1=Easley |first2=Jon |last2=Kleinberg |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |chapter=Overview |pag

{{Use Harvard referencing|date=August 2019}} {{original research|date=July 2012}}

…he crust and upper mantle are distinguished on the basis of chemistry and mineralogy.

…温度，总的内能和熵<ref name="Caratheodory">Carathéodory, C. (1909).</ref><ref>Prigogine, I. (1947), p. 48.</ref><ref>Landsberg, P. T. (1961), pp. 128–142.</ref>

…ry。如果这种信息的复制结果在每个纬度上都完全相同，就像'''门格海绵 Menger Sponge''' 一样，则其具有'''仿射自相似性 Affine Self-similar'''。 分形几何是拓扑学的一个数学分支。

…gebraic geometry concept|Linear system of divisors|the tactical formation|Line (formation)}} …em''' is a [[mathematical model]] of a [[system]] based on the use of a [[linear operator]].

{{Short description|Mathematical model of the interactions between neuronal populations}} …findings include the existence of multiple stable states, and hysteresis, in the population response.

…ents on three systems with non-variational aspects |journal=Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena |date=December 1992 |volume=61 |issue=1–4 |pages=77–93 |do …ermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers'', Springer-Verlag, Berlin, e-.</ref>

…e journal |vauthors=Masoudi-Nejad A, Schreiber F, Razaghi MK Z |title=Building Blocks of Biological Networks: A Review on Major Network Motif Discovery… …aduate Texts in Mathematics) |volume=173 |year=2005|publisher=New York: Springer-Verlag Heidelberg}}</ref>

…l WMAP – Fate of the Universe], ''WMAP's Universe'', [[NASA]]. Accessed online July 17, 2008.</ref>，是对宇宙最终命运的猜测，这表明宇宙 Plait, Philip (2008). ''Death from the Skies!''. Viking Adult (published 16 October 2008). p. 259. ISBN <bdi>978-0-670-01997-7</bd

Marshall McLuhan in: McLuhan: Hot & Cool. Ed. by Gerald Emanuel Stearn. A Signet Book published

…975.</ref><ref name=":4">S Amari. Dynamics of pattern formation in lateral inhibition type neural fields. Biological Cybernetics, 27:77–87, 1977. …与'''神经质量模型 neural mass models'''的相似性，后者忽略了空间扩展，但涉及到关于'''群体编码 population coding'''和时间粒度的相同基本假设。

…ministic+non-periodic+flow&author=E.+N.+Lorenz&publication_year=1963 Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow]". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 20(2): 130–

…n |first2=C. |last3=Wood |first3=A.J. |title=Universality for 2D Wedge Wetting |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |date=1999 |volume=83 |issue=26 |pages=5535–55 …关函数被称为Schwinger函数[https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php/Schwinger_function Schwinger function]s，其属性由Osterwalder-Schrader 公理描述。

1988年，霍夫施塔特获得了怀疑调查委员会的最高荣誉——the In Praise of Reason award（赞美理性奖）。 === [http://wiki.swarma.net/index.php/AI%26Society%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%B2%99%E9%BE%99%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8…

…near+in+nature#v=onepage&q=most%20systems%20are%20inherently%20nonlinear%20in%20nature&f=false|accessdate=20 January 2018}}</ref>。